2016年12月6日星期二

(四)陈梦家(文字学家)捍卫汉字传承的精神不朽. (Four) the philologist Chen 梦家 to defend the spiritual transmission of Chinese immortality.

(四)陈梦家(文字学家)捍卫汉字传承的精神不朽.

他发表《慎重一点“改革”汉字》,不赞成废除繁体字,实

行简化字,遂被打成“右派”
1957年3月全国开展了整风运动.为响应帮助共产党整风,陳夢家以积极而热忱的态度参加.4月,陳夢家在一份演講稿中說:「時值今日的百花運動,我想,這是坦誠探討漢字未來的最好時機。我將毫無保留地提出一些不同的觀點……我們已經使用漢字三千多年了,而這些漢字並沒有任何不好……最近我寫了一篇文章,引起了一些爭議。我願意惹這樣的麻煩,是因為我想有所貢獻……」
他提出:「首先肯定我們使用了三千年以上的漢字還是很好的工具……是一種不必廢除的民族形式。」「在沒有好好研究以前,不要太快的宣佈漢字的死刑。」「文字這東西,關係了我們萬萬千千的人民,關係了子孫百世,千萬要慎重從事。
然而,只不過五個星期之後,「百花運動」就被「反右運動」取代。陳夢家成為史學界五個大右派之一,遭到猛烈批判。一篇批判文章宣稱:「右派分子陳夢家是一根有毒的草……永遠不能讓他扎根。」另一些文章則將他形容成心懷「險惡陰謀」的「牛鬼蛇神」:「為什麼所有時代的反革命都憎恨簡體字?難道他們真的想返古嗎?」、「陳夢家認識了一小撮西方資本主義漢學家,就把他們當成了寶貝。」(引自基维百科)

他的一生,是爱国的一生.

陈梦家(1911~1966),浙江上虞人,生于南京。曾用笔名陈慢哉,中国现代著名古文字学家、考古学家诗人。陈梦家在三十年代的诗名很大,曾与闻一多徐志摩朱湘一起被目为“新月诗派的四大诗人”。他16岁开始写诗。其诗先学徐志摩,后学闻一多。1929年10月,在《新月》杂志发表处女作新诗那一晚》,引起诗坛瞩目。后又以“陈漫哉”为笔名发表大量新诗。1931年1月,编成《梦家诗集》,由新月书店出版。同年9月,又编成《新月诗选》出版。其诗重视表现“自我”,注重音韵和谐及整体匀称,善于吸收格律诗特点写自由诗,对新月派的形成和发展影响较大。著有诗集《梦家诗集》、《不开花的春》、《铁马集》、《在前线》、《梦家诗存》、及其他学术研究等多种专著,是后期新月派享有盛名的代表诗人和重要成员。
20世纪30年代初,激烈动荡的社会环境使身居于深墙大院高等学府内的陈梦家面前,也已放不下一张平静的书桌了。1930年初,陈梦家写下《秦淮河的鬼哭》一诗,描绘了国民党政府的“首都”南京城的恐怖阴森的画面。诗人蛰伏在内心深处的爱国心驱使他怀着“一束隐忧”从“年青人的颓废病”中回眸视悲惨的现实人生。
1932年1月,陈梦家编完了老师徐志摩的遗稿《云游》集,整理了自己19丑年夏季后的诗稿,结集为《铁马集》,便毅然停办了后期新月诗派的刊物《诗刊》,结束了交织着迷惆与痛苦的学生时代。
正当陈梦家规划自己未来生活的时候,“一·二八”战争爆发了!十九路军在上海抵抗日寇的隆隆炮声震醒了深埋在诗人心底的炽热的爱国主义激情。战争的第二天,他即与同学刘启122旅旅部,参加抗日宣传工作。陈梦家等人随122旅旅部自南翔经刘行、嘉定、杨行、顾家宅、真如、大场一线向蕰藻浜前线挺进。1932年2月1日军队进驻南翔镇时,陈梦家在车站伫立三天三夜,目睹无家可归的妇孺老幼在雨雪中踉跄行走,沪宁线上的难民行列蜿蜒长达数十里。他心如刀绞,写下《哀息》一诗,发出“谁教我们这样的?”的责问。1932年2月13日,部队在季家桥与日寇雪中大战。122旅第5、6团任前锋,与敌寇肉搏终日。陈梦家等亲临火线,抢救伤患。他看到勇敢的中国士兵们在弹雨中无畏地冲杀,挂彩的伤患染成了血人,有的战士牺牲时仍保持着托枪瞄准的姿势。田野上到处是抗日志士的新坟。在战士墓前,陈梦家写下了动人肺腑的悲壮诗篇——《在蕰藻浜的战场上》:在蕰藻浜的战场上,血花一行行/间着新鬼的坟墓开开在雪泥上:/那儿歇着我们的英雄——静悄悄/伸展着参差的队伍——纸幡儿飘。/苍鹰,红点的翅尾,在半天上吊丧。现躺下了,他们曾经挺起胸膛/向前冲锋,他们喊杀,他们中伤,/杀了人给人杀了,在都睡倒/在蕰藻浜的战场上。交给你,像火把接着火,我们盼望,/盼望你收回来我们生命的死亡!/拳曲的手握紧炸弹向我们叫:/那儿去!那儿去!听我们的警号!/拳曲的手煊亮着一把一把火光/在蕰藻浜的战场上。
1933年初,日寇的铁蹄终于践踏在热河的土地上,陈梦家义愤填膺,决心自行出榆关到前线为保卫祖国效力。1月13日,方纬德、瞿冰森等同学在北平东城灯市口燕京校友会召开欢送会。次日凌晨,陈梦家离北平经古北口奔赴塞外。途中目睹奇丽峻伟的塞北风光,爱国的赤子之情油然而生。他根据那时的观感所作的《古北口道中》、《承德道中》等诗篇,诗风雄阔奔放,别是一番气象。
1937年7月,抗战爆发,陈梦家由闻一多先生推荐,到长沙清华大学教授国文。是年秋,赴昆明西南联大任教。


他把心血和生命献给了捍卫汉字的庄严亊业.

1944年秋,他由美国哈佛大学教授费正清和清华大学哲学系教授金岳霖介绍,到美国芝加哥大学教授古文字学。选读他这门课的美国学生寥寥无几,只四五人,但正像他初到纽约答一家小报的记者问时说的,他到美国来主要是要编一部全美所藏中国铜器图录。在美国3年中,他就是为了这个目标而努力奋斗。从第二年开始他遍访美国藏有青铜器的人家、博物馆、古董商,然后回到芝加哥大学的办公室整理所收集到的资料,打出清样。多数私人收藏家都是富贵之家。否则谁买得起一件、两件,乃至数件精美绝伦、价值昂贵的中国青铜器呢?梦家是无所顾忌的,只要是有器之家,他是必然要叩门的。他和所有藏家、古董商、博物馆几乎都有通信关系,并留有信件的存底。他胜利地完成了他尽全力想要完成的工作。
在美国的3年中,除编写庞大的流美铜器图录外,他还用英文撰写并发表了《中国铜器的艺术风格》、《周代的伟大》等文章,并和芝加哥艺术馆的凯莱合编了《白金汉所藏中国铜器图录》。
1947年秋,他拒绝别人劝他留住美国的要求,毅然启程回归祖国,继续在清华大学任教。

回到清华的第一年,他为学校购买了许多祖国文物,并成立了“文物陈列室”。1952年院系调整,他由清华转到科学院考古所工作。1956年他用《殷墟卜辞综述》的稿费在钱粮胡同买了一所房子。从此他一个人占有了一间很大的寝室兼书房,在里面摆下了两张画桌。这一大一小两画桌拼在一起成了他的书桌,上面堆满了各种需要不时翻阅的图籍、稿本、文具和一盏台灯。梦家勤奋治学有着很好的物质条件。他身体好,不知疲倦,每天能工作差不多十小时到十二小时。

1957年,在考古研究所,陈梦家被划成“右派分子”。是史学界著名五大右派[黄现璠向达雷海宗王重民、陈梦家(按年龄大小排列)]之一。他的罪名之一是“反对文字改革”。
划成“右派分子”后,对陈梦家的惩罚是“降级使用”。比起那些被送到“北大荒”的人们来说,他受到的处罚不算最重。他仍然在考古研究所,曾经一度“下放”到河南农村劳动,作踩水车等等。以后又下放西北的兰州,他的《武威汉简》等汉字研究,就是在戴上右派帽子\劳动改造的恶劣条件下完成的.

他在语言文字学领域的贡献主要集中在他对甲骨文、殷周铜器铭文、汉简和古代文献的综合研究方面。他对甲骨文的研究一开始比较注重文字的分析和寻求卜辞中的礼俗。后从青铜器断代研究中得到启示,从断代入手全面研究卜辞。他在甲骨文研究方面的代表作为《殷墟卜辞综述》(科学出版社,1956年)。该书是甲骨学史上少见的较早的大型综合性研究著作。全书70多万字,共分20章。从语言文字学角度看,其中的“文字”“文法”两章最为重要。在“文字”一章中,他概述了以前诸甲骨学家对甲骨文的考释方法,同时他还对汉字的起源及构造提出了自己独特的看法,并密切联系汉语特点开查汉字的构造。在“文法”一章中,他提出卜辞是研究中国语法史的最早材料,可以从中开始寻求汉语语法发展的规律。该书对研究古代史地、语言文字和考古学都具有重要的参考价值,在国内外产生较大影响。他在铜器研究方面的代表作是《西周铜器断代》(分6期连载于1955年~1956年的《考古学报》上)。其中详细记述了不同时代的各类铜器98件。每件都记录了全篇铭文的释文,并加以详尽的诠释,有的甚至史逐字逐句地讨论。所以其中包括许多考释文字、词语,探求语法规则及语义的资料。这对研究上古汉语及汉语史很有参考价值。
他对汉简研究的成果主要集中于《武威汉简》(文物出版社,1964年)和《汉简缀述》(中华书局,1980年)两本书中。此外他还有专着:《老子今释》(重庆商务印书馆,1945年)、《海外中国铜器图录考释第一集》(北京图书馆商务印书馆,1946年)、《尚书通论》(商务印书馆,1957年)、《美帝国主义劫掠的我国殷周铜器集录》(科学出版社,1962年);论文:《释底渔》(《考古社社刊》1936年第4期)、《释“国”“文”》(《国文月刊》1941年第11期)、《关于上古音系的讨论》(《清华学报》1941年第13卷第2期)、《殷代铜器》(《考古学报》1954年第7期)、《慎重一点“改革”汉字》(《文汇报》1957年5月17日)、《蔡器三记》(《考古》1963年第3期)等等,以及一些已经整理出版和一些将要整理出版的遗作,如《西周铜器断代》的后半部等。
文革开始,1966年8月,陈梦家在考古所被“批判”斗争“。他的家被抄。他们夫妇的住房被别人占用。
1966年8月24日傍晚,陈梦家在被“斗争”后,离开考古所,来到住在附近的一位朋友家中。他告诉朋友说:“我不能再让别人把我当猴子耍了”。这时,考古所的一些人跟踪到来,在他的朋友家中,强按他跪在地上,大声叱骂他。然后,这些人把他从朋友家又押回考古研究所。当天晚上,不准陈梦家回家。
陈梦家在8月24日夜里写下遗书,服大量安眠药片自杀。由于安眠药量不足以致死,他没有死。1966年8月24日是阴历七月初九,是有“新月”的时候。不知道那一夜他是否看到了新月,也不知道他对月思考了什么。他20岁的时候作诗说“新月张开一片风帆”,这是一个美丽的隐喻:新月形如风帆,送他走向理想。但是那时新月伴他走向死亡。
十天以后,陈梦家又一次自杀。陈梦家自缢,死于1966年9月3日,年仅55岁。
1978年12月28日,中国社会科学院考古研究所在京举行了陈梦家先生追悼会,对他热爱祖国、热爱社会主义事业的精神给予了高度的评价。

(Four) the philologist Chen 梦家 to defend the spiritual transmission of Chinese immortality.

He published "a little careful" reform "Chinese characters", do not agree to abolish the traditional characters, real

Line simplified words, was labeled as "right."
In March 1957, the rectification movement was carried out in the whole country .In response to help the Communist Party rectification, Chen dream home with a positive and enthusiastic attitude to participate .In April, Chen dream home in a speech, said: "Today's flowers, I think this is Frankly discuss the best time to the future of Chinese characters and I will unreservedly put forward some different points of view ... ... we have used Chinese characters for over three thousand years, and these characters do not have any bad ... ... Recently, I wrote an article, I am willing to make such a trouble, because I want to contribute ... ... "
"First of all, we are sure that we have used Chinese characters for over three thousand years, or a very good tool ... a national form that does not have to be abolished." "Do not declare the death sentence of Chinese characters too soon before doing a good study." " , The relationship between our thousands of thousands of people, the relationship between the descendants of BES, be careful to engage.
However, only five weeks later, the "Flower Movement" was replaced by the "anti-rightist movement". Chen Mengjia became one of the five great rightists in the historiography circle and was severely criticized. A critical essay proclaims: "The Rightist, Chen Mengjia, is a poisonous grass ... he can never let him take root." In other articles, he describes him as a "sinister and intriguing" monster: "Why all times counterrevolutionary Hate the simplified Chinese characters? Do they really want to go back to ancient times? "," Chen Mengjia met a handful of Western capitalist Sinologists, and regarded them as babies. "(From Wikipedia)

His life is a patriotic life.

Chen Mengjia (1911 ~ 1966), Zhejiang Shangyu, was born in Nanjing. Once under the pseudonym Chen slow zai, Chinese modern famous ancient philologist, archaeologist, poet. Chen Meng home in the thirties poem name is great, and Wen Yiduo, Xu Zhimo, Zhu Xiang with the aim of "the four poets of the new moon." He began to write poems at the age of 16. His poem first learns Xu Zhimo, after school learns a much. In 1929 October, in the "new moon" magazine published debut poem "that night", cause poem attention. And then to "Chen Manzai" for the pen name published a large number of new poetry. In 1931 January, compiled "dream home poetry", published by the new moon bookstore. In September the same year, also compiled "Crescent Poetry" published. His poems pay attention to the expression of "self", pay attention to phonological harmony and the overall symmetry, good at absorbing the characteristics of poetry writing free poetry, the formation and development of the new moon more. He is the author of many novels such as the poems of "Dream House", "Spring Without Flowers", "Iron Horse Collection", "Frontline", "Dream Family Poetry" and other academic research. On behalf of poets and important members.
The early 20th century, the early 30s, the turbulent social environment so that living in the deep wall compound in front of Chen Mengjia institutions of higher learning, has also put no more than a calm desk. At the beginning of 1930, Chen Meng family wrote "Qin Huai River Guiku" a poem, depicting the Kuomintang government "capital" Nanjing city horror ghostly picture. The poet dormant in the heart of the patriotism driven him with "a bunch of worries" from the "young people's decadent disease" in retrospect as the tragic reality of life.
In 1932 January, Chen Meng home finished teacher Xu Zhimo's manuscript "wandering" set, finishing his 19 years in the summer after the poem, set as "iron horse set", then decided to stop the late crescent poetry publication "poetry Published ", ending the intertwined with the melancholy and pain of the student era.
While Chen dream home planning their future life, "one twenty-eight" war broke out! The rumbling of the 19th Route Army in Shanghai against the Japanese invaders awoke the passionate patriotism deeply buried in the poet's heart. The second day of the war, he and classmates Liu Qi 122 brigade, to participate in anti-Japanese propaganda work. Chen Meng home with 122 brigade and brigade since the Nanxiang by Liu Xing, Jiading, Yang line, Gu house, true, big field line to the front of the algae Hamamatsu advance. February 1, 1932 troops stationed in the town of Nanxiang, Chen Meng home station stood three days and nights, witnessed homeless women and children in the rain and snow staggered walk, the ranks of the Shanghai-Nanjing line of refugees up to number of meandering Shili. His heart twists and turns, write a "poem" a poem, issued "Who teaches us this?" In February 13, 1932, the troops in the quarter bridge and the Japanese invaders in the snow war. 122 brigade 5, 6 regiment any striker, and the hostile melee all day. Chen and other family at the FireWire, rescue injuries. He saw the courageous Chinese soldiers in the hail of bullets in the fearless rush, wounded wounded dyed blood, and some soldiers at the expense of still keep the guns aimed at the position. The field is full of new graves of anti-diaries. In the warrior's tomb, Chen Meng home wrote a compelling poem - "in the algae Bang Bang battlefield": in the algae bang on the battlefield, the blood flowers line / with the new ghost's grave open in the snow mud : / There 's a breakout of our heroes - quietly / stretched out the uneven team - the paper flags floating. / Goshawk, red tail of the wings, hanging in the half-day funeral. Now they lie down, they have to stand up / forward charge, they kill, they slander, / kill people to kill people, all fell asleep / in the algae bang on the battlefield. To you, like a torch then the fire, we hope, / hope you come back to the death of our lives! / Fist of the hand clenched bombs to us called: / go there! Go there! Listen to our siren! / Fist of the hand Xuan Xuan lit a handful of fire / in the algae bang on the battlefield.
At the beginning of 1933, the Japanese invaders finally trample on the land of Rehe, Chen Mengjia indignation, determined to self-elm to the front to defend the motherland. January 13, Fang Weide, Qu Bing Sen and other students in Beiping Dongcheng Dengshikou Yanjing Alumni Association held a farewell party. The next morning, Chen Meng family from the North through the mouth of the ancient Pubei mouth. Witnessed Qi Li Jun Wei's Saibei scenery, the patriotic feeling of purely arrogant. His view of the time according to the "Gubeikou Road", "Chengde Road" and other poems, poetic and bold and bold, not a meteorology.
In July 1937, the outbreak of the war, Chen Meng home by Mr. Wen Yiduo recommended to Changsha, Tsinghua University professor of Chinese. Is the fall, went to Kunming, southwest United University to teach.


He dedicated his efforts and life to the solemn defense of Chinese characters.

The autumn of 1944, he was from the United States Harvard University professor Fei Zhengqing and Tsinghua University professor of philosophy Jinyuelin introduced to the University of Chicago professor of ancient philology. There were only four or five American students in the course of his course, but as he first arrived in New York to answer a tabloid reporter, he went to the United States mainly to compile a collection of Chinese bronze figures record. In the United States 3 years, he is to this goal and work hard. From the second year he visited the United States possession of bronze in the people, museums, antique dealers, and then return to the University of Chicago office to sort out the information collected, Most private collectors are wealthy homes. Or who can afford one, two, and even a few pieces of exquisite, expensive Chinese bronze it? Dream home is cynical, as long as there is a device of the house, he is bound to knock the door. He and all collectors, antique dealers, almost all of the communication relationship between the museum, and leave the letter to the bottom. He successfully completed the work he was trying to accomplish.
In the United States of 3 years, in addition to the preparation of large flow of American bronze catalog, he also wrote and published in English, "Chinese bronze art style", "the great Zhou Dynasty" and other articles, and the Chicago Museum of Art Of the Gloria co-edited "Buckingham possession of Chinese bronze catalog."
The autumn of 1947, he refused to persuade him to retain the United States, decided to return to the motherland, continue to teach at Tsinghua University.

Back to the first year of Tsinghua, he purchased a lot of the motherland for the school heritage, and set up a "heritage showroom." In 1952, he was transferred from Qinghua to the Institute of Archeology of the Academy of Sciences. In 1956 he used the "Yin ruins oracle synthesis" of the royalties in the money to buy a house alley. Since then, he occupied a large bedroom and a study, in which the next two painting desk. This big one small two tables together to fight his desk, filled with a variety of needs from time to time to read the books, manuscripts, stationery and a lamp. Dream home diligent scholarship has a very good material conditions. His body is good, tireless, can work almost every day ten hours to twelve hours.

In 1957, at the Institute of Archeology, Chen Meng family was classified as "rightists." Is the history of the famous five rightists [Huang Xianfan, Xiang Da, Lei Haizong, Wang Chongmin, Chen Mengjia (by age)) one. One of his charges is "against the reform of the text."
Classified as "rightists", the punishment of Chen Mengjia is "downgrade use." Compared to those who were sent to the "Great Northern Wilderness" of the people, he received the punishment is not the most important. He is still in the Institute of Archeology, was once "decentralized" to the rural labor in Henan Province, for tread water and so on. Later, he was delegated to Lanzhou in the northwest. His research on Chinese characters, such as "Hanwei", was completed under the harsh conditions of wearing right-wing hats and labor remolding.

His contribution in the field of linguistic philology mainly focused on his comprehensive research on inscriptions on inscriptions on oracle bone inscriptions, inscriptions on bronzes of Yin and Zhou dynasties, Han and ancient texts. His research on Oracle began to pay more attention to the analysis of the text and to seek the etiquette of the oracle. After the study of bronze from the dating of inspiration, from the dating of a comprehensive study of divination. He is the representative of the Oracle research as "Yinxu oracle synthesis" (Science Press, 1956). The book is the history of oracle bones in the history of the rare large-scale comprehensive research work. The book more than 70 million words, is divided into 20 chapters. From the perspective of language and philology, the "text" and "grammar" two chapters is the most important. In the chapter of "Writing", he summarized the methods of the oracle bone inscriptions on the oracle bones, and put forward his own unique views on the origin and construction of Chinese characters. He also explored the structure of Chinese characters in close contact with Chinese characteristics. In the chapter of "grammar", he proposed that the inscriptions were the earliest materials to study the history of Chinese grammar, and could start to seek the law of the development of Chinese grammar. The book on the study of ancient history, language and archeology have an important reference value, at home and abroad have a greater impact. His masterpiece in bronze research is the "Bronze Dating of the Western Zhou Dynasty" (in six periodicals from 1955 to 1956 in the "archaeological journal"). Which described in detail the different types of bronze of 98 different times. Every piece of the inscriptions recorded the whole article, and to be a detailed interpretation, and some even the history of the discussion word for word. So it includes a lot of interpretation of words, words, to explore the rules of grammar and semantic information. This study of ancient Chinese and Chinese history great reference value.
His achievements in the study of the Han dynasty are mainly concentrated in the book "Wuwei Hanjian" (Cultural Relic Publishing House, 1964) and "Hanjian" (Zhonghua Book Company, 1980). In addition, he also monograph: "Lao Tzu this release" (Chongqing Commercial Press, 1945), "overseas Chinese bronze warehousemography of the first episode" (Beijing Library, Commercial Press, 1946) "(The Commercial Press, 1957)," US imperialism looting of China's Yin and Zhou bronze set recorded "(Science Press, 1962); papers:" Release the end of fishing "(" Archaeological Press "1936 (1941, No. 11), "On the ancient phonology of the discussion" ("Tsinghua University," 1941, Volume 13, No. 2), "China", " ("Archeology" in 1964), "the ancient bronze" ("archaeological journal" in 1954 seventh), "careful" reform "Chinese character" ("Wen Wei Po" May 17, 1957) 3) and so on, as well as some have been published in order to publish and some will be finishing the posthumous works, such as "Western Zhou Dynasty bronze dating" of the latter part.
The Cultural Revolution began in August 1966, Chen Mengjia in the archaeological are "criticized" struggle. "His home was copied. Their couple 's housing occupied by others.
August 24, 1966 evening, Chen Meng home in the "struggle", left the archaeological site, came to live in a nearby friend's house. He told friends: "I can not let other people put me as a monkey playing." At this time, the archeology of some people to track the arrival of his friends at home, press him kneeling on the ground, loudly curse him. Then, these people from his friend's house and escorted back to the Institute of Archeology. That night, not allowed to go home Chen dream home.
Chen dream home in August 24th night to write a suicide note, serving a large number of sleeping pills Dutch act. As the amount of sleeping pills is not enough to kill, he did not die. August 24, 1966 is the ninth day of the seventh lunar month, there is a "new moon" when. Do not know that night he saw the new moon, do not know what he thought about the month. When he was 20 years old, he wrote a poem, "A new moon opens with a sail." This is a beautiful metaphor: a crescent shaped sail that sends him to the ideal. But then the crescent accompanied him to death.
Ten days later, Chen Mengjia once again committed suicide. Chen Mengjia hanged, died in September 3, 1966, only 55 years old.
December 28, 1978, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Institute of Archeology held in Beijing, Mr. Chen Mengjia memorial service, his love of the motherland, love the spirit of the cause of socialism gave a high evaluation.

             (Information from Baidu Encyclopedia)



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