2016年10月2日星期日

1 象形组字法。 1 pictographic group word method.

1 象形组字法。象形有多种方法:一是把实物的外形轮廓作为符号,文字像实物的形状,以形表义。例如日、月、山、田、鱼、鸟、火、水、土、木、等等。
   甲骨文象三个山峰相连并立之形。《说文》注:“宣也。宣气散生万物。有石而高。象形。”山指地面上由土石形成之巨大高耸之部分,可以疏宣散发地气,出云雨,生育万物。山有各种类型,如土山、石山、 冰山、雪山等。借指山泉、山门、山头主义等。
 ()  hill; mountain  anything resembling a mountain

  甲骨文象河水流动之形。《说文》注:“准也。北方之行。象众水并流,中有微阳之气也。”水是水准,又指水平。五行之一,配属北方。象形字,象水流。按《周易》八卦学说,坎卦为水,形亦象篆书水字,中间一条长线代表阳,外边四条短线代表阴,一阳被阴包围,象征众水流向一处。水乃无色,无臭,无味之液体,在标准大气压下,冰点0℃,沸点100℃。水准,指地球各部分之水平面,即海平面。泛指一切水域,或指某些含水或像水之液体。与“陆”相对。引申指洪水、水灾、湖水、河水、海水等。作量词,指洗涤之次数。

 ()  water  a general term for rivers, lakes, seas, etc.  a liquid

二是不以实物整体为形,而是突出其某一特点,以特点作为符号,是象形的另一种方法。例如牛、羊突出头部及双角,使象形符号更加鲜明突出。
   甲骨文象牛之头形,突显牛角,特征明确,是牛之最好特写。《说文》注:“大牲也。牛,件也。件,事理也。象角头三封尾之形。”牛为牺牲之大者。牛,可分黄牛、水牛、牦牛、犀牛等。作形容词,比喻倔强、固执、骄傲。股市上用以形容涨盘,称“牛市”。
 () ox (母牛cow, 公牛bull, 小牛calf)

   甲骨文突出弯角之羊头形,特指羊子。《说文》注:“祥也。象头、角、足、尾之形。孔子曰:牛羊之字,以形举也。”羊为一种家畜,古用为牺牲祭祀,象征吉祥。羊种类很多,如山羊、绵羊、羚羊、黄羊等。
 () sheep


 三是以抽象的形状作符号来表达,例如草、木、禾、竹等等。
  甲骨文象小草之形。《说文》注:“百卉也。从二屮。”草为草本植物之总称。引喻不细致、不认真。引申创始、卑贱、山间、民间、初稿、草稿、草图、草案等。草书,为书法体裁之一。拼音字母亦有大草、小草之分。
() grass; straw () careless; rough; hasty () draft

   甲骨文象禾谷之形。《说文》注:“嘉谷也。二月始生,八月而熟,得时之中,故谓之禾。”禾即谷子,古称粟。禾又指谷类作物幼苗。
 () standing grain (esp. rice)

象形是汉字基础。但是用象形符号造字有一定的限度,没法满足记录语言传递信息的需要。象形符号在汉字总量中虽然只占五分之一,但它却十分重要,没有象形符号,就没有指事符号,也不会有会意符号。没有象形符号,形声字的声符,也没有了落脚的地方。


1 pictographic group word method. Pictograph is the shape of the physical shape as a symbol, the text like the shape of the object to form meaning. Such as day, month, mountain, field, fish, bird, fire, water, earth, wood, and so on.
Shan  jia bone like three peaks connected to the shape of the parallel. "Refers to the text." Mountain refers to the ground formed by the huge earth-rocky part of the tower can be spread to the dissemination of gas, a cloud, the fertility of all things. There are various types of mountains, such as soil mountain, rock, iceberg, snow-capped mountains and so on. By means of spring, mountain gate, mountain doctrine and so on.
Mountain (also: mountain, mountain, mountain)

Water oracle bones as the river flow shape. "Shuowen" Note: "Quasi-North trip. As the water and water, there are micro-Yang's gas also." Water is the standard, and that level. One of the five elements, attached to the north. Pictographs, like water. According to the "Book of Changes" gossip theory, Kan Gua for the water, shaped like a water seal character, the middle of a long line on behalf of the sun, outside the four short-term representatives of yin, a yin surrounded by yin, a symbol of public water flow to one place. Water is colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid, under standard atmospheric pressure, the freezing point of 0 ℃, the boiling point of 100 ℃. Level refers to the level of the various parts of the earth, that is, sea level. Refers to all waters, or refers to some of the water or liquid like water. And "land" relative. Extended refers to floods, floods, lakes, rivers, seawater and so on. As a quantifier, referring to the number of washing.

Water (a) ① water ② a general term for rivers, lakes, seas, etc. ③ a liquid

Not to shape the whole entity, but to highlight one of its characteristics, as a symbol, is pictographic another method. Such as cattle, sheep, highlighting the head and double horns, so that the more prominent symbol of prominence.
Cattle Oracle as the head of cattle, highlight the horns, features clear, is the best close-up of cattle. "Said the text" Note: "Big cattle also, cattle, pieces also, pieces of matter, as well as the first three horns shaped like a horn. Cattle, can be divided into cattle, buffalo, yak, rhinoceros and so on. For adjectives, metaphor stubborn, stubborn, proud. Stock market used to describe the disk, called "bull market."
Ox (cow cow, bull bull, calf calf)

Sheep oracle bone protruding corner of the sheep-shaped, especially the sheep. "Said the text" Note: "Cheung also. Like the head, horn, foot, tail of the shape of Confucius said: the word of cattle and sheep, to form also." Sheep for a domestic animal, ancient sacrifice for the sacrifice, auspicious symbol. Many sheep types, such as goats, sheep, antelope, gazelle and so on.
Sheep


 Some pictograms are represented by abstract symbols, such as grass, wood, grass, bamboo, and so on.
Grass-like bone as a small grass-shaped. "Said the text" Note: "100 Hui also from the two 屮." Grass is the general term for herbs. Metaphor is not meticulous, not serious. The original creation, humble, mountain, civil, draft, draft, sketch, draft and so on. Cursive, as one of the calligraphy genre. Pinyin letters also have large grass, grass of the points.
Grass (grass); grass (grass);

Wo oracle bone as the shape of the valley. "Said the text" Note: "Kerry Valley also. February was born, August and cooked, too, so that the Wo." Wo that millet, the ancient millet. Wo also refers to grain crops seedlings.
Wo (name) standing grain (esp. Rice)


Pictograph is the basis of Chinese characters. But there is a certain limit to the use of pictographic symbols to create the word, unable to meet the needs of recording language transmission of information. Pictographic symbols in the total amount of Chinese characters, although only one-fifth, but it is very important, there is no pictographic symbols, there is no means to sign, there will be no intention sign. Shaped sound of the character, there is no place to stay.

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