《汉字解码学》43 “袍”是中国的传统服装 "Gown" is the traditional Chinese clothing.

《汉字解码学》43  “袍”是中国的传统服装。

袍   袍是形声字。衣为形符；包亦声亦义。《说文》注：“茧衣也。从衣,包声。”袍即茧衣，指在夹层中著丝絮之长衣。借指棉袍（唐代开始引进棉花种植，宋代普及）、长袍、旗袍、蟒袍、龙袍等。

袍 (名) robe; gown

《百度百科》资料：中国《诗经》、《国语》中早已出现袍的名称。在东周时期的墓葬品中，袍为直襟直统式，交领，右衽，长袖施缘，下摆长大，束腰带，与深衣有相似之处。《礼记》解释,袍有衬絮,絮分新纩、旧缊，“纩为襺（茧）、缊为袍。可见当时的袍是有衬絮的绵袍。大约自汉代开始，[纩]为用新的蚕丝作内夹层，[缊]是用旧的乱麻或者旧蚕丝作的内夹层。隋唐时期，袍服盛行。其中交领大袖直裰式袍服传入日本，促进了和服的发展。随着历史的演进，袍成为中华民族广为穿用的传统服装之一，至今在民间和东南亚地区仍有沿用。袍作为中华民族的传统服装之一，分为龙袍、官袍、民袍等。

①龙袍
皇帝专用的袍。又称龙衮。因袍上绣龙纹而得名。其特点是盘领、右衽、黄色。此外，龙袍还泛指古代帝王穿的龙章礼服。唐高祖武德年间令臣民不得僭服黄色，黄色的袍遂为王室专用之服，自此历代沿袭为制度。960年，赵匡胤“黄袍加身”，兵变称帝，于是龙袍别称黄袍。龙袍上的各种龙章图案，历代有所变化。龙数一般为9条：前后身各3条，左右肩各1条，襟里藏1条，正背各显5条，吻合帝位“九五之尊”。清代龙袍还绣“水脚”（下摆等部位有水浪山石图案），隐喻山河统一。

②官袍

文武官员用作公服、朝服的袍。以一定颜色或图案表明官位等级。东汉永平二年（公元59）开始将袍定制为朝服，以所佩印绶为主要官品标识。自此，官袍成为封建社会中的权位象征。武则天当政时颁命服绣袍，文官绣禽、武官绣兽，是补服的起源。宋代官袍袖子肥大，明确规定饰襕、佩绶、围鞓等。元代官袍多以罗为面料，并以花纹大小表示级别。明代洪武年间创立区别文武官员等的补子制度，称作补服；亲贵大臣袍服，按照品位还有斗牛服、飞鱼服、蟒衣（后称蟒袍）、麒麟袍等，分别刺绣相应的形状似龙的图案。明代官袍款式特点是在两侧袍衩处加幅称襬（摆）。清代官袍一般与马褂（即马蹄袖外褂）配套穿用；外穿而不配马褂的礼服袍必须临时装马蹄袖（俗称龙吞口）；作为行装的袍称行袍，其右侧襟裁短一尺以便乘骑，故又称缺襟袍。清室官员常服袍的款式为四开衩。蟒袍沿用至清代又称花衣，应用较广，规定繁琐，由服色、蟒数、纬帽上的顶珠花翎、外褂上的方圆补子等组成等级森严的制度。

③民袍

民间用于日常生活的袍。因制作简单，穿用方便，所以逐渐取代深衣，在民间普遍穿用。周代和秦汉士人、庶民的袍，受经济条件限制，衣料粗糙。唐代以来，随着封建社会的发展和民族服饰的交流，特别是元代蒙古袍服、清代满族袍服的传入，民袍在款式造型上有过长摆和短摆、交领和圆领、右衽和左衽、大袖和小袖及半袖等多种变化。当代旗袍和中国少数民族服装中的袍，正是民袍发展变化的结果。

43 "Gown" is the traditional Chinese clothing.

Robes are phonetic characters. Clothing for the character; package also sound meaning. "Said the text" Note: "cocoon clothing also. From the clothing, including sound." Robe that cocoon clothing, refers to the folder in the mezzanine of the long clothing. By means of cotton gowns (Tang introduced the introduction of cotton cultivation, popular Song), robes, cheongsam, Mangpao, robes and so on.
Gown (also: robe)

"Baidu Encyclopedia" information: China "Book of Songs", "Mandarin" has long been the name of the robe. In the Eastern Zhou period of the tomb of the goods, gown straight straight for the type, cross-collar, right 衽, long-sleeved Shi Yuan, hem up, waist belt, and dark clothing have similarities. "Book of Rites," explained that the robe has linings, floc sub-new, old Ji, "纩 as 襺 (cocoon), 缊 for the robe.Was visible at the time of the robe is a cotton-padded robe.From the Han Dynasty, ] For the use of new silk for the sandwich, [缊] is the old messy or old silk for the sandwich. Sui and Tang dynasties, gowns prevailed, in which large collar straight collar-style robe into Japan, promoting kimono Gown as one of the traditional costumes of the Chinese nation, is divided into robes, gowns, robes, People gowns and so on.
① robes
Emperor dedicated gown. Also known as Long Gun. Because the robe on the embroidered dragon named. It is characterized by plate collar, right 衽, yellow. In addition, the robes also refers to the ancient emperors wear dragon chapter dress. Tang Gaozu Takenori years so that subjects were not allowed to illegally wear yellow, yellow robe Sui for the royal family of dedicated service, since the ancient lineage for the system. 960 years, Zhao Kuangyin "yellow robe plus body", mutiny emperor, so robes called the yellow robe. Long robe on a variety of dragon pattern, history has changed. Long number is generally 9: before and after the body of the three, left and right shoulder of each one, lapel in possession of a, is the back of the five significant, consistent with the emperor "Ninth Five-Year respect." Qing Dynasty robes also embroidered "water feet" (hem and other parts of the water waves stone pattern), metaphor of mountains and rivers.
② official robe
Civil and military officials for the public service, dress robes. To a certain color or pattern that official rank. The Eastern Han Dynasty Yongping two years (AD 59) began to dress for the dress, with the printed ribbon as the main official identification. Since then, the official robe became a symbol of power in feudal society. Wu Zetian life when ordered to serve embroidered gown, embroidered aviary officials, military officials embroidered beast, is the origin of complement service. The Song Dynasty official robe sleeves hypertrophy, clearly stipulates the ornaments, Pei Shou, Wai and so on. Yuan Dynasty official robes to Luo for the fabric, and the pattern size that level. In the Ming Dynasty Hongwu years to create distinction between civil and military officials and other sub-system, known as the supplementary service; pro-expensive minister robes, in accordance with the quality of bullfighting clothes, flying fish clothes, python clothing (later called Mangpao), Kirin gowns, respectively embroidery corresponding Shaped like a dragon pattern. Ming Dynasty style is characterized by official robe on both sides of the increase in pawing said pendulum (swing). Outer wear and dress jacket gown must be temporarily installed horseshoe sleeves (commonly known as the dragon swallow mouth); as a line of gowns, said the robe, the right side of the lapel (the right hand side of the robe) Cut a foot in order to ride, it is also known as the lack of lapel gown. The official style of the chamber-dressing officer is four-line slits. Mangpao used to the Qing Dynasty, also known as Huayi, wider application, the provisions of cumbersome, by the service color, the number of pythons, wove on the top beads Zhu Ling, outer jacket on the radius of the composition of sub-sub-level system.
③ people gown
Folk for the daily life of the gown. Because of simple production, easy to wear, so gradually replace the dark clothing, in the civilian general wear. Zhou Dynasty and the Qin and Han scholars, the people of the gown, by the economic conditions, clothing rough. Since the Tang Dynasty, with the development of the feudal society and the exchange of national costumes, especially the Mongolian robe of the Yuan Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty Manchu robe of the introduction, the style of people in the style of a long swing and short swing, Round neck, right 衽 and left 衽, big sleeves and small sleeves and short sleeves and other changes. Contemporary gowns and gowns in Chinese ethnic clothing, it is the result of the development and change of the gowns.

《汉字解码学》57 “薅”是由四个形符组成的会意字 "薅" is a four-character form of knowing words.

《汉字解码学》57  “薅”是由四个形符组成的会意字。

薅    甲骨文象手持蚌镰除草之形。《说文》注：“拔去田间草也。从草，辱声。”本指除草。又指用手或足薅除。（繁体字薅是以耒为形符）
h ā o 薅  ( 动 ) pull up (weeds,etc.)

“薅”由女（子）、寸（手持）、辰（蚌镰）草（蓼）四个形符组成，意指除去田间杂草的工作主要由妇女承担，她们手持蚌镰将草除去。
《诗·周颂·良耜》：“其鎛斯赵，以薅荼蓼。”《诗经》说的是以铁制的鎛来薅除杂草，这时后，已经不使用蚌镰了。
 韦昭 注：“薅，耘也。”  韦昭（204年－273年），字弘嗣，吴郡云阳（今江苏丹阳）人。三国时期吴国文学家、史学家、经学家。他说：薅草就是秐草，主要指旱地的除草方法。
《汉书·王莽传中》：“予之南巡，必躬载耨，每县则薅，以劝南伪。” 《汉书》王莽当了皇帝，坐车南巡，还要带上除草农具，到沿途各县薅草，鼓励耕作。
 北魏 贾思勰 《齐民要术·水稻》：“稻苗渐长，复须薅；拔草曰薅。薅讫，决去水，曝根令坚。” 《齐民要术·水稻》讲的是稻田的薅草过程，讲得科学、生动。

57 "薅" is a four-character form of knowing words.

薅 oracle bone like a hand-held mussel weeding shape. "Said the text" Note: "pull out the field grass also from the grass, humiliation." This means weeding. Also refers to hand or foot 薅 addition. (Traditional Chinese characters are in the form of Lei)

 H ā o 薅 (move) pull up (weeds, etc.)

The "薅" consists of four characters: female (female), female (female), female (female) and female (female). They remove the weeds by hand.

"Poetry Zhou Song good plow": "The 镈 Si Zhao, to 薅 tea Polygonum." "The Book of Songs" said the iron to the 镈 to weed, then, has no use of mussels sickle.

 Wei Zhao (204 - 273 years), the word Hong Si, Wu Jun Yunyang (now Jiangsu Danyang) people. The Three Kingdoms period Wu country writer, historian, classics. He said: grass is grass, mainly refers to the dry weeding method.

"Han Wang Mang biography": "to the southern tour, will be bound to carry the hoe, each county is to urge the South." "Han" Wang Mang when the emperor, the car southern tour, but also bring weeding tools , To along the county grass, encourage farming.

 The Northern Wei Dynasty Jia Sixie "Qi Min Yao surgery rice": "rice seedlings grow long, complex must be cut; weeding said Yue.", To the water, exposed root to make Kennedy. "" Qi Min Yao Shu " Paddy field of grass grass process, speak science, vivid.

《汉字解码学》56 “锄”是由木制转为铁制的除草农具 "hoe" is made of wood to iron weeding tools.

《汉字解码学》56  “锄”是由木制转为铁制的除草农具。

锄     锄是形声字。耡，是木制农具，耒为形符，助为意符。随着铁的铸造，改以金为形符，表示锄是金属打造之农具；助为声符。《说文》注：“《周礼》曰：以兴锄利萌。从金，助声。”多锄草，禾苗才能长得茂盛。锄本指锄草。引申消灭、铲除。作名词，指锄头。

锄  [ 鋤、耡、鉏 ] Ⅰ ( 名 ) hoe  Ⅱ ( 动 )  ①  work with a hoe; hoe  ②  uproot; eliminate; wipe out


56 "hoe" is made of wood to iron weeding tools.   Hoe is a phonetic word hoe. Hoe, is a wooden farm tools, Lei-shaped character, help for the Italian character. With the iron casting, changed to gold for the character, said hoe is the metal to build the farm tools; help for the sound symbol. "Said the text" Note: "" Zhou Li, "said: to Hing Lee sprouting from gold, to help sound." More weeding, seedlings can grow lush. Hoe this refers to weeding. To exterminate. As a noun, refers to the hoe.    Hoe [hoe, hoe, 鉏] Ⅰ (名) hoe Ⅱ (动) ① work with a hoe; hoe ② uproot; eliminate;

《汉字解码学》55 “鉋”是鲁班发明的 "Planing" is Luban invention.

《汉字解码学》55 “鉋”是鲁班发明的。

刨[鉋]   刨是形声字。手（金）为形符；包为声符。刨指用于平刨木头或金属之工具。作动词，指刨平。作名词，指刨花、刨冰等。

刨 [鉋]Ⅰ(动) plane sth down, planeⅡ(名) plane, planer, planning machine

     
  《互动百科》资料：鲁班，小邾国（今山东省滕州市)人，被人们尊称为建筑业的鼻祖。鲁班的成就不光在建筑业，而且在航天业，他发明了飞鸢，是人类征服太空的第一人；在军事科学上，鲁班发明的云梯（重武器）、钩钜（人们现在还在使用）及其它攻城的武器，是一位伟大的军事科学家；在机械方面，鲁班很早就被称为机械圣人；此外，还有很多民用、工艺等方面的成就。鲁班是中国当之无愧的科技发明之父。鲁班：大约生于周敬王十三年(公元前507年)，卒于周贞定王二十五年(公元前444年)。姬姓，公输氏，名班，人称公输盘、公输般、班输，尊称公输子，又称鲁班（鲁般），他是我国古代的一位出色的发明家。两千多年来，他的名字和有关他的故事，一直在广大人民群众中流传。我国的土木工匠们都尊称他为祖师。
《百度百科》介绍：刨的发明始于鲁班。 鲁班在长期的木工实践中，需要经常与木头打交道，发现了许多可以进行改进的技术问题。如怎样才能使木板既平整又光滑，在鲁班之前，这个问题并没有得到很好的解决，影响了木工技术的进一步提高，鲁班根据工作需要，经过反复多次试验，鲁班给“斧头”加块铁片，装上木座，制出世界上首把刨子。有了这种工具，就可以把不平的木头刨平，把不光滑的木料创光滑了，对提高水工技艺很有帮助。其他如钻（打孔的器具）、铲、凿于、墨斗（木工画线用的）和曲尺等，传说都是鲁班发明的。其中曲尺，后人称之为鲁班尺，是木工用以求直角的，直至今人仍为木工所使用。鲁班发明的这些木工工具在当时有很大影响，它使许多木工工匠从比较繁重的手工劳动中解放出来，并且成倍地提高了劳动生产率；同时使木工技术的很多方面可以凭借比较简单的工具提高工艺水平和质量。
鲁班在木工工具的发明创造上，得到家人各方面的支持和帮助，尤其是他的母亲和妻子对他的帮助更大。例如，鲁班在做木工活、用墨斗放线的时候，都是由他的母亲拉住墨线的一端，他自己拉住另一端，以便弹墨放线。这样每次放墨斗线都需要他母亲帮忙，很不方便，鲁班也觉得有必要想出一个办法解决这个问题。后来经过他在生面，使木工技术的很多方面可以凭借比较简单的工具提高工艺水平和质量。 鲁班在木工工具的发明创造上，得到家人各方面的支持和帮助，尤其是他的母亲和妻子对他的帮助更大。例如，鲁班在做木工活、用墨斗放线的时候，都是由他的母亲拉住产实践中不断探索、反复试验，鲁班设计了一个小弯钩，拴在木头的一端，这样放线的时候就可以用这个小弯钩钩住木头的一端，以代替原来的手工操作，只需一个人就行了。从此以后，弹墨线就不用再让母亲帮忙。后来木工就把这个小弯钩称为“班母”，以纪念他的母亲对他的帮助。又如，刨木料时顶住木料的卡口，人们称之为“班妻”。据说这是因为鲁班以前刨木料时候，都是由他妻子扶着木料，后来他发明了卡口，才不用他妻子帮忙了。


55 "Planing" is Luban invention. Planing [plane] planer is the phonetic word. Hand (gold) for the character; package for the sound. A tool used for flattening wood or metal. (2) To act as a verb. As a noun, refers to shavings, ice and so on. Planing plane planing plane planing plane planing plane planing plane         Information: Luban, a small country (now in Tengzhou City, Shandong Province), was known as the originator of the construction industry. Luban's achievements not only in the construction industry, but also in the space industry, he invented the flying kite, is the first human conquest of space; in military science, Luban invention ladder (heavy weapons), hook huge (people are still using ) And other siege weapons, is a great military scientist; in mechanical terms, Luban has long been known as mechanical saints; In addition, there are many civilian, craft and other achievements. Luban is China's well-deserved father of science and technology. Luban: about Zhou Jingwang thirteen years (507 BC), died in Zhou Zhengding twenty-five years (444 BC). He is an outstanding inventor in ancient China. He is a famous inventor in the ancient China. He is a famous inventor in ancient China. Over the past two thousand years, his name and his story, has been spread among the broad masses of the people. China's civil engineers are known as his founder.     "Baidu Encyclopedia" Introduction: Planing the invention began in Luban. Luban in the long-term woodworking practice, often need to deal with the wood, found that many can be improved technical problems. Such as how to make the board is smooth and smooth, before the Luban, the problem has not been a very good solution to the impact of the woodworking technology to further improve, Luban according to work needs, after repeated tests, Luban to "ax" Iron, fitted with wooden blocks, the system out of the world's first plane. With this tool, you can flatten the uneven wood, the smooth wood is not smooth, and to improve the hydraulic technology is helpful. Other such as drilling (punching tools), shovel, chisel, ink fountain (woodworking lines used) and the song ruler, the legend is Luban invention. One song, later known as Luban foot, woodworking for the right angle, until today is still used by the carpenter. These woodworking tools invented by Luban had a great influence at the time, liberating many carpenters from the heavy manual labor and multiplying the labor productivity; at the same time, many aspects of woodworking techniques could be relied on relatively simple tools Improve the level of technology and quality.     Luban in the woodworking tools invention and creation, get all aspects of family support and help, especially his mother and his wife to help more. For example, Luban in carpentry work, put the line with the ink when the ink is pulled by his mother one end, he pulled the other end in order to play the ink discharge line. So every time put the ink line need his mother to help, very convenient, Luban also felt the need to come up with a way to solve this problem. Later, after his face, so that many aspects of woodworking technology can be relied on relatively simple tools to improve the level of technology and quality. Luban in the woodworking tools invention and creation, get all aspects of family support and help, especially his mother and his wife to help more. For example, Luban carpentry in the living, with the ink put the line when his mother pulled by the practice of production continue to explore, trial and error, Luban designed a small hook, tied to one end of the wood, so put the line When you can use this small hook to hook one end of the wood to replace the original manual operation, just a person on the line. Since then, the ink lines do not have to let the mother to help. Later, the carpenter put the small hook called "Ban Mu" to commemorate his mother to his help. Another example, planing wood to withstand the bayonet when the wood, it is called "class wife." It is said that this is because Luban when planing wood, are supported by his wife, timber, and later he invented the bayonet, do not have his wife to help.

《汉字解码学》54 “鑿”是用铁制打槽工具对木料开槽凿孔 "chisel" is the use of iron slotting tool for slotting holes in the wood.

《汉字解码学》54  “鑿”是用铁制打槽工具对木料开槽凿孔。

凿  甲骨文是象形字，象凿子之形。篆书凿是会意字。金为形符，凿、殳（槌子）都是形符。《说文》注：“铅刀攻玉。”“凿穿木也。从金族，凿省聲。”凿指铁制开槽凿孔之木凿。作动词，指开凿。作形容词，指证据确凿。借指明确、真实。

凿  [ 鑿 ] Ⅰ ( 名 ) ①  chisel ②  mortise Ⅱ ( 动 ) cut a hole; chisel or dig Ⅲ ( 形 ) ( 书 ) certain; authentic; irrefutable

《天工开物  ·锤 锻·凿》中说：“凡凿熟铁锻成，嵌钢于口，其本空圆，以受木柄（先打铁骨为模，名曰羊头，杓柄同用）。斧从柄催(1)，入木透眼，其末粗者阔寸许，细者三分而止。需圆眼者则制成剜凿为之。”  这段话的白话解释是：凿子是用熟铁锻造而成的，凿子的刃部嵌钢，上身是一截圆锥形的空管，用来方便装进木柄（锻凿时先打一条圆锥形的铁骨做模，这叫做羊头，加工铁勺的木柄也要用到它）。用斧头敲击凿柄，凿子的刃就能方便插入木料而凿成孔。凿子的刃宽的一寸，窄的约三分。如果要凿成圆孔，则要另外制造弧形刃口的“剜凿”来进行。

54 "chisel" is the use of iron slotting tool for slotting holes in the wood.


Chisel Oracle is a pictographic character, like the shape of a chisel. Seal chisel is knowing the word. Gold for the character, chisel, Shu (hammer) are character. "Said the text" Note: "The knife attack jade." "Chisel wear wood also from the gold family, chisel provincial voice." Chisel refers to the iron slotted hole chisel. (2) To act as a verb. As an adjective, that the evidence is conclusive. By means of clear, true.
 Chisel [chisel] Ⅰ (名) ① chisel ② mortise Ⅱ (动) cut a hole; chisel or dig Ⅲ (形) (书) certain; authentic; irrefutable


"Heavenly Creations Hammer forging chisel" said: "Where the chisel wrought iron forging, embedded in the mouth of the steel, the empty circle to the handle by the wooden handle (first hit the iron mold, the name sheep head, With the use of.) Ax from the handle reminder (1), into the wood through the eyes, the end of the thick wide-inch Xu, thinner than one-third.Will be out of the eye made out cut out. "This vernacular Explanation: chisel is wrought from wrought iron, chisel blade embedded steel, the upper body is a section of the conical hollow tube, used to facilitate loading into the wooden handle (forged chisel when playing a cone-shaped iron to do Mold, this is called the sheep's head, the processing of iron spoon of the wooden handle also use it). With an ax hammering the handle, the edge of the chisel can be easily inserted into the wood and cut into holes. The width of the chisel blade inch, narrow about three points. If you want to cut into a round hole, will have to create another arc-shaped edge of the "cut out chisel" to carry out.

《汉字解码学》53 “错”字本意是指金银器皿、手饰物的错纹工艺 "wrong" is intended to refer to gold and silver utensils

《汉字解码学》53  “错”字本意是指金银器皿、手饰物的错纹工艺。此工艺始于战国时期。

错    错是形声字。金为形符；错省声。《说文》注：“金涂也。从金，昔声。”错谓用金粉涂饰器物。古代涂金称为“錯”。借用为错误字。引申错杂、错乱、错误、过失、差误、避开等。

错 [錯]Ⅰ(名) mistake; error; fault Ⅱ(形) ① wrong; mistaken; erroneous ② interlocked and jagged Ⅲ(动) ① alternate; stagger ② grind

战国时期就有在铜器上镶嵌、装饰金银的金银错工艺。金涂，即用金（银）粉涂饰器物，其纹或花鸟、或山水、或人物、或图案，皆错落有致。

《百度百科》资料:汉字是世界上含义最丰富的文字，而“错”字又比一般汉字的含义，还要丰富得多。据《康熙字典》、《中华大字典》等书的解释，它至少有十多种不同的含义。但是，我们这里说的是金银错，这个“错”字，就必须和金银联系起来才能说清楚；同时，还要以金银错流行的那个时代的人对错字解释为准，否则，上下数千年，海阔天空地谈论，那就会“月迷津渡，雾失楼台”，什么都不用说了。

汉代是我国金银错工艺最盛行的年代，那个时期人们是怎样说的呢？汉代有一位见多识广的大学问家许慎，他编了一部叫《说文解字》的大字典，该书对“错”字，只有一种解释：“错，金涂也，从金，声”。

金银错最流行的汉代，对“错”字的全部解释，就只有上述八个字，说明那时所说的金银错，就是把金银涂画于青铜器上的意思。清代杰出的文字训诂学家段玉裁注释说：“错，俗作涂，又作措，谓以金措其上也”。所以，广义一点说，就是凡是在器物上布置金银图案的，就可以叫金银错。

53 "wrong" is intended to refer to gold and silver utensils, hand ornaments of the pattern pattern. This process began in the Warring States period.

Error is the phonetic word. Gold for the character; wrong province sound. "Said the text" Note: "Gold coated also from the gold, Xi sound." Wrong that the use of gold powder finishing equipment. Ancient coated gold is called "wrong". Borrowing is an error word. Errors, errors, mistakes, avoid, and so on.

Mistaken; erroneous ② interlocked and jagged Ⅲ (dynamic) ① alternate; stagger ② grind (wrong)

Warring States period, there are inlaid bronze, gold and silver decoration of gold and silver wrong process. Gold coated, that is, gold (silver) powder finishing device, the pattern or flowers and birds, or landscape, or people, or patterns, are patchwork.

"Baidu Encyclopedia" information: Chinese characters is the meaning of the world's most abundant text, and "wrong" and the meaning than the average Chinese characters, but also much more abundant. According to "Kangxi Dictionary", "Chinese Dictionary" and other books to explain, it has at least a dozen different meanings. However, we are here talking about gold and silver wrong, the "wrong" word, it must be linked to gold and silver to make it clear; at the same time, but also to the era of gold and silver popular misplaced interpretation of the times prevail, Up and down for thousands of years, the brighter future to talk about, it would be "on the maze of ferry, the fog missed the floor," nothing to say.
Han is the most popular gold and silver process of the era, that time people say? There is a well-known university in the Han Dynasty asked Xu Shen, he compiled a dictionary called "Shuowen Jiezi", the book of "wrong" word, there is only one explanation: "wrong, From the gold, sound ".

Gold and silver wrong most popular Han, the "wrong" all the explanation, only the above eight words, then said gold and silver wrong, is the gold and silver painted on the meaning of the bronze. Qing Dynasty outstanding scholar Duan Yucai text commented: "wrong, popular as Tu, and measures, that the gold measures on it." Therefore, broadly speaking, that is, gold and silver in the arrangement of objects on the pattern, you can call gold and silver wrong.

《汉字解码学》52 “银”的使用始于战国时期 The use of "silver" began in the Warring States Period.

《汉字解码学》52  “银”的使用始于战国时期。汉代《说文》称为“白金”。

银   银是形声字。金为形符；艮为声符。《说文》注：“白金也。从金，艮声。”银为白色之金属。金属元素，符号Ag。银亦指货币或与货币有关之事物。作形容词，指颜色白而似银者。

银 [銀] ① silver ② relating to currency ③ silver-coloured

《互动百科》资料：中国银的使用始于器物的装饰。战国时期就有在铜器上镶嵌、装饰金银的金银错工艺。汉代称银为白金，除用作器物装饰外，也有少量银器，如碗、碟以及银印等。十六国时已有用银制的餐具。唐代是中国银器发展的鼎盛时期,全国有银作56处,主要产地有陕（今河南陕县）、宣(今安徽宣城)、润（今江苏镇江）、饶（今江西鄱阳）、衢(今浙江衢县)、信(今江西上饶)等州。当时银器生产分官作与行作两种。前者属官营的作坊院,后者为金银行业的工匠作坊。银器品种繁多,有碗、盘、杯、碟、盆、盒、壶、瓶、锅、匜以及熏炉、熏球等。唐代银器，形体丰盈，气势博大，纹饰繁密，富丽堂皇，反映出盛唐时期的时代风貌，多为王公贵族们所享用，其中许多银器是地方的贡品。不少银器设计颇为巧妙。如1970年西安南郊何家庄出土的一件唐代银熏球，球体两半有铰链相连，开合自如；球内有一盛香料的小金碗，用套环与球体相连，不论球体如何转动，小碗始终保持平稳，碗内香料不致翻倒，技艺精湛。宋代，银器业也很发达，银器形体比唐代的小巧，胎体轻薄，纹饰风格趋向写实，并出现錾刻诗文等题材。元代，瓷器广泛使用，使银器生产逐渐衰落，但宫廷中仍有不少银器。

52 The use of "silver" began in the Warring States Period. Han Dynasty, "said the text" as "platinum."
Silver silver is the phonetic word. Gold for the character; Gen for the sound symbol. "Said the text" Note: "Platinum also from the gold, Gen sound." Silver is white metal. Metal element, symbol Ag. Silver also refers to money or things related to money. As an adjective, refers to the color white and silver.

Silver [silver] ① silver ② relating to currency ③ silver-coloured



The use of silver in China begins with the decoration of objects. Warring States period, there are inlaid bronze, gold and silver decoration of gold and silver wrong process. Han said the silver as platinum, in addition to decoration for the objects, there are a small amount of silver, such as bowls, plates and silver and India. Sixteen countries have been used when the silver tableware. The Tang Dynasty is the heyday of the development of Chinese silverware, the country has 56 silver, the main producing areas are Shaanxi (now Henan Shanxian), Xuan (now Anhui Xuancheng), Run (now Jiangsu Zhenjiang), Rao (now Jiangxi Poyang) , Qu (now Zhejiang Qu County), the letter (now Jiangxi Shangrao) and other states. At that time, silverware production sub-official and act two. The former is the official camp workshop, the latter for the gold and silver industry artisans workshop. A wide variety of silverware, bowls, plates, cups, plates, pots, boxes, pots, bottles, pots, 匜 and smoked furnace, smoked balls. Tang Dynasty silverware, abundance, magnificent, dense decoration, magnificent, reflecting the era of the Tang Dynasty style, mostly for the nobility enjoyed, many of which are local tribute silver. Many silverware design is quite clever. Such as the 1970s in the southern suburbs of Xi'an Hejiazhuang unearthed a silver smoked ball of the Tang Dynasty, the ball is connected with two hinges, opening and closing freely; the ball has a spice of the small golden bowl with rings and spheres connected, no matter how the sphere of rotation, Always maintain a smooth bowl of spices will not be overturned, superb skills. The Song Dynasty, the silver industry is also very developed, silver body than the Tang Dynasty compact, carcass thin, decorative style tends to realism, and the emergence of chisel carved poems and other themes. Yuan, porcelain widely used, so that the gradual decline of silver production, but there are still many court silverware.

《汉字解码学》51 “铧”是铁器时代的农具 "Hua" is the era of iron tools.

《汉字解码学》51  “铧”是铁器时代的农具。铧，尖而呈三角形，置于犁头前端，铁制是耕田的主要农具。

铧    铧是形声字。金为形符；华为声符。铧指犁头上之金属部分，因其经常磨擦，闪闪有光，故称铧口。

铧 [鏵] (名) ploughshare 

关于牛耕起源的探讨

卫斯先生说：牛耕技术的出现，在我国古代农业史上无疑是一个重要的里程碑，它是我国古代生产力发展到一定水平的重要标志。铁农具的普遍使用和牛耕技术的出现在中国历史上可能是代表着一个新时代的到来——此时的生产力突破了该时代的腐朽的没落的生产关系，而建立起一种新的生产关系。我国奴隶社会的衰亡和封建社会的诞生在某种程度上讲，与铁农具的出现和牛耕技术的发明有直接关系。

  “犁”究竟起源于何时，按照冶金、铸造技术发展史的程序，应该是先有“铜铧”后有“铁铧”。目前，从全国考古发掘的情况来看，“铜铧”发现极少，“铁铧”则普遍发现于河北、河南、山西、陕西、山东等地。战国时代为什么会铸造“铁犁铧”，这与炼铁技术的发明、生产力的发展具有密切关系。

   按照冶金铸造技术发展史的程序，应该是先有“铜铧”，后有“铁铧”。为什么考古发掘的结果只有铁铧出土，而很少有“铜铧”出土呢?这个道理很简单，铜虽然比铁冶炼历史要早一千多年，但它真正用做劳动生产工具——尤其是农具的历史并不比铁早。在奴隶制社会时代，金银尚未开始冶炼，铜是作为贵重金属，而用于统治阶级制造奢侈品的。对于奴隶繁重的体力劳动，奴隶主贵族阶级是不会怜悯的。他们怎能让闪光发亮的首饰或一个明晃晃的觚杯变成一个犁铧和泥土打交道呢?不会的!它们根本不重视农业生产的发展。从以上所谈到的考古资料来判断，战国时代，牛耕技术在黄河中下游地区已开始普遍推广是无可怀疑的。

元智大学教授庄雅州说：近代從西北的新疆、甘肅到東南的浙江、福建，從東北的遼寧、吉林到西南 的雲南、貴州，都有兩漢時期的各種鐵農具出土，單是關中平原就有 6、70 件的鐵 鏵、犂鏡出現，足見其使用之普遍。

51 "Hua" is the era of iron tools. Hua, pointed and triangular, placed in front of the plow head, iron is the main farm farming tools.

Hua is a phonetic word. Huawei for the character; Hua refers to the metal part of the plow head, because of its frequent friction, shiny light, it said Hua mouth.
[Pl]

Discussion on the Origin of Cattle
Mr. Weiss said: the emergence of cattle farming technology in ancient China's agricultural history is undoubtedly an important milestone, it is China's ancient productive forces to a certain level of an important symbol. The widespread use of iron tools and the advent of cattle-farming techniques in Chinese history may represent a new era in which productive forces break through the decadent and declining production relations of the era and establish a new production relationship . The decline of our slave society and the birth of the feudal society were, to some extent, directly related to the emergence of iron farming tools and the invention of cattle farming techniques.
  "Plow" actually originated when, in accordance with the metallurgy, casting technology development history of the program, should be the first "Copper Brush" after the "iron Hua. At present, from the national archaeological excavation situation, "copper" found very little, "iron" is generally found in Hebei, Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Shandong and other places. Why did the Warring States period cast "iron plow", which is the invention of iron-smelting technology, the development of productive forces are closely related. 
   In accordance with the history of metallurgical casting technology development process, should be the first "copper Hua", after the "iron Hua. Why is the result of archaeological excavations only iron unearthed, and very few "Copper Brush" unearthed? The reason is simple, copper, iron smelting history, although more than a thousand years earlier, but it really used as a tool for labor production - especially Is the history of farm tools is not earlier than the iron. In the era of slavery society, gold and silver have not yet begun smelting, copper as a precious metal, and for the ruling class to create luxury goods. Slave heavy manual labor, slave owners aristocratic class is not compassion. How can they make shiny jewelry or a shining cup turn into a plow and dirt? No! They do not pay attention to the development of agricultural production at all. From the above mentioned archaeological data to determine the Warring States period, cattle farming technology in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River region has been widely promoted is no doubt.

Yuanzhi University professor Zhuang Ya state said: modern from the northwest of Xinjiang, Gansu to the southeast of Zhejiang, Fujian, from northeast Liaoning, Jilin to the southwest of Yunnan, Guizhou, have the Han Dynasty ironwork unearthed, Guanzhong Plain alone There are 6,70 pieces of iron Hua, plow mirror appears, indicating its use of the general.

《中文解码歌》3 东南西北歌 Song of the东南西北

    《中文解码歌》3 东南西北歌
           （调寄花好月圆）

 草木丛、红日升东方，
西绕彤云下夕阳。
南有磁针指方向，
北背阴山天气凉。
东西南北是方向，
地球自转绕太阳。
东方没有红日照，
大地哪得暖洋洋。

         汪 岚 2016 10 29
            八十一作

     

      Song of the东南西北 
     (Music to borrow "a good full moon")

Vegetation, red rose or the East,
West around the clouds under the sunset.
South has a magnetic needle in the direction,
North back Yinshan cool weather.
East and West is the direction,
The earth rotates around the sun.
East there is no red sunshine,
The earth is warm?

  
          Wang Lan
             Eighty-one for

《汉字解码学》50 “南”极有可能指的是指南勺（司南） "South" most likely refers to the guide spoon (Sinan).

《汉字解码学》50  “南”极有可能指的是指“南勺”（司南）。

南   甲骨文象船行方向之形。篆书象指南针南指之形。《说文》注：“草木至南方，有枝任也。”许慎说：南指南方。草木到了南方，叶子茂盛，枝干茁壮。南是方位词，指地球之南极或南部。中国指南针发明于战国时代，在殷商时代还没有指南针，指的是船向南方行驶。

nán

南 (名) south

《百度百科》资料：司南是最早的磁性指向器。“司南”之称，始于战国（公元前475年—公元前221年），终止于唐代（公元618年—公元907年）。因为司南古义不断演化，使它与一系列的古代发明结下了不解之缘。

记载司南的最早的文献是《鬼谷子》，其中写道：“郑人之取玉也，必载司南之车，为其不惑也。”(谋篇)从《鬼谷子》中的记载可以看出，郑人去“取玉”，必须要带上司南，就是为了避免方向的迷失。

在提到司南的文献中，王充的记述是最重要的，他明确指出：“司南之杓，投之于地，其柢指南。”(是应篇)其中的“杓”是指勺子。具备这种“指南”性能的司南，应是磁性指向器。但是，这里的“地”是指古代械盘中的“地盘”。械盘是秦汉时期发明的，用于游戏或占卜。在“地盘”的四周刻有24个方位，中心刻有象征北斗七星的标志。中国现代著名的科技史家和文物复制专家王振铎曾依据这些记载成功地复原了汉代的司南。

磁体定向装置的出现，就使人从靠观察天体定向的被动性转向靠地磁定向的主动性。人类最早的磁体定向装置，是以天然条状磁石制成的司南，它出现后在中国战国末期(前三世纪)而在汉代得到进一步的发展。司南仪的出现具有重要历史意义，因为它是以与天文定向原理截然不同的磁学原理制成的新型导向装置，在任何天气条件下都能昼夜工作，迅速指出方向，操作简便易于携带。

50 "South" most likely refers to the guide spoon (Sinan).
South of the bone as the direction of the boat shape. Seal like a compass south of the shape. "Said the text" Note: "vegetation to the south, there are any branches." Xu Shen said: South guide south. Vegetation to the south, lush foliage, strong branches. South is the position word, refers to the earth's south or south. Chinese compass was invented in the Warring States period, in the Shang Dynasty has no compass, refers to the ship to the south.
Nán
South

"Baidu Encyclopedia" information: Secretary of the South is the first magnetic director. "Sinan", began in the Warring States Period (475 BC - 221 BC), terminating in the Tang Dynasty (AD 618 - 907 AD). Because Sinan ancient evolution, it and a series of ancient inventions forged a bond.
Recorded the first document is Sinan "Guiguzi", which wrote: "Zheng people from the jade also, will carry the Secretary of the South car, for its perplexity." (Mou articles) from the "Guiguzi" records can be seen, Zheng people to "take jade" must be brought to the Secretary South, is to avoid the loss of direction.
In his reference to Sinan's literature, Wang Chong's account is the most important, and he made it clear that "the dipper" refers to the scoop, which is the guide to the land. With this "guide" performance of the Secretary South, should be a magnetic director. However, here the "land" refers to the ancient plate in the "site." Discs are invented during the Qin and Han Dynasties, for the game or divination. In the "site" surrounded by 24 directions, the center engraved with the symbol of the Big Dipper. China's well-known modern science and technology historian and cultural relics expert Wang Zhenduo based on these records have successfully restored the Han dynasty Sinan.

Magnet orientation device, the people from the observation of the celestial body by the passive orientation of geomagnetic orientation by the initiative. The earliest magnet orientation device, is made of natural strip magnets of Sinan, it appears in the late Warring States Period (the third century) and in the Han Dynasty to further development. The appearance of the instrument is of great historical significance because it is a new type of guiding device made of magnetism which is distinct from the principle of astronomical orientation. It can work day and night in any weather condition, and can point out the direction quickly and easy to carry.

《汉字解码学》49 “铁”的使用标志着“铁器时代”的到来 49 The use of iron marked the arrival of the Iron Age.

《汉字解码学》49  “铁”的使用标志着“铁器时代”的到来。甘肃考古发现，我国使用铁器是在3500前，这正好是甲骨文使用的时代。甲骨文未见到“铁”字，是合乎情理的。

铁  铁是形声字。金为形符；为声符。《说文》注：“黑金也。从金，声。”“古文铁从夷。”铁古称黑金，金属元素，符号Fe。铁为黑色金属之一，实为灰白色，氧化后呈蓝黑色。可用以炼钢，制造多种机械器具，也是生物体不可缺少之物质。铁又代指刀枪等武器。引申坚强、强硬、强暴、无情等。

铁 [鐵]Ⅰ(名) ① iron (Fe) ② arms; weapon Ⅱ(形) ① hard or strong as iron ② indisputable; unalterable

《百度百科》资料：铁器时代是人类发展史中一个极为重要的时代。人们最早知道的铁是陨石中的铁，古代埃及人称之为神物。在很久以前，人们就曾用这种天然铁制作过刀刃和饰物，这是人类使用铁的最早情况。地球上的天然铁是少见的，所以铁的冶炼和铁器的制造经历了一个很长的时期。当人们在冶炼青铜的基础上逐渐掌握了冶炼铁的技术之后，铁器时代就到来了。

目前世界上出土的最古老冶炼铁器是土耳其（安纳托利亚）北部赫梯先民墓葬中出土的铜柄铁刃匕首，距今4500年（公元前2500年）。

该文物年代经检测认定为冶炼所得。但此文物所代表的年代至冶炼铁器普及之间，有整整1000年时间中东地区鲜有出土新的冶炼铁器，故其为十分珍贵的孤例。

中国地区

中国目前发现的最古老冶炼铁器是甘肃省临潭县磨沟寺洼文化墓葬出土的两块铁条，距今3510年~3310年之间（公元前1510年~公元前1310年）。

由于该文物2009年才出土，当时只发布了简报，完整的考古文章2014年才发表，故知名度较低。后经清华大
学及牛津仪器公司检测，铁条由“块炼渗碳钢”锻打而成，是冶炼金属。同时碳14检测显示两块铁条年代分别为——3090年前、3075年前；理论误差不超过35年。但由于铁条锈蚀严重，一块铁条内部完全锈蚀，另一块铁条尚存部分残铁。所以实际误差可能较大。对此，研究人员又对墓主人骸骨及墓葬其他文物进行了碳14检测，最终认定该墓葬及铁条的年代为3510年前~3310年前之间（公元前1510年~公元前1310年）。[1-2] 

该文物不仅打破了此前由铁刃铜钺（北京市平谷县出土）保持的“中国最古老铁器”的记录，同时也打破了由西周虢国玉柄铁剑保持的“中国最古老冶炼铁器”的记录，意义重大。

49 The use of iron marked the arrival of the Iron Age.Archaeological discovery in Gansu, China is the use of iron in the 3500 before, this is precisely the era of Oracle use. Oracle did not see the "iron" word, is reasonable.
Iron iron is a phonetic word. Gold for the character; for the sound symbol. "Said the text" Note: "Black gold. From the gold, sound." "Ancient Iron from Yi." Iron ancient saying that black gold, metal elements, symbols Fe. Iron is one of the black metal, is actually white, blue-black oxide. Can be used to steel, manufacturing a variety of mechanical equipment, but also indispensable to the material body. Iron and generation refers to the swords and guns and other weapons. Extended strong, tough, rape, ruthless and so on.
Iron (iron) I (name) ① iron (Fe) ② arms; weapon Ⅱ (shape) ① hard or strong as iron ② indisputable; unalterable

"Baidu Encyclopedia" information: Iron Age is the history of human development in a very important era. Iron is the earliest known iron in meteorites, ancient Egyptians called the fetish. Long ago, people had used this natural iron made the blade and accessories, which is the earliest case of human use of iron. The natural iron on earth is rare, so the iron smelting and manufacture of iron has gone through a long period of time. When people in the smelting of bronze on the basis of mastery of the iron smelting technology, the Iron Age is coming.
At present, the world's oldest unearthed smelting iron is Turkey (Anatolia) northern Hittite ancestors tomb unearthed in the copper handle iron blade dagger, 4500 years ago (2500 BC).
The cultural relics of the years identified as smelting by the detection. However, this relics represented by the era to the popularization of iron smelting between the Middle East for 1,000 years there are few new unearthed smelting iron, so it is very valuable solitary cases.
China region
China is currently found in the oldest smelting iron is Lintan County, Gansu Province Mogao Temple Tomb culture unearthed two iron bars, dating back 3510 ~ 3310 years (between 1510 BC ~ 1310 BC).
As the artifacts in 2009 was unearthed, was published only a brief, complete archaeological articles published in 2014, so the visibility is low. After Tsinghua University
Oxford Instruments and testing equipment, iron by the "block refining carburizing steel" forged from, is smelting metal. At the same time carbon 14 test showed that the two iron bars were - 3090 years ago, 3075 years ago; theoretical error of not more than 35 years. However, due to severe corrosion of iron, a complete internal corrosion of iron, and the remaining pieces of iron remaining remnants of iron. So the actual error may be larger. In this regard, the researchers on the bones of the tomb and other cultural relics of the tomb of the carbon 14 test, the final finds that the tombs and iron bars for the 3510 years ago to 3310 years ago (between 1510 BC ~ 1310 BC) . [1-2]

The relics not only broke the previous record of "the oldest ironware in China" maintained by the iron blade copper axle (unearthed in Pinggu County, Beijing), but also broke the "China's oldest smelting ironware" maintained by the Western Zhou Dynasty Record, of great significance.

《汉字解码学》48 “锡”的使用才得以进入青铜时代。“易”是锡的本字 。 "tin" was able to use the access to the Bronze Age. "Easy" is the tin of the word.

《汉字解码学》48  “锡”的使用才得以进入青铜时代。“易”是锡的本字。

易   甲骨文象钖水从容器中下注之形。易与钖在甲骨文中同为一字。钖的熔点为231.89⁰c,又很柔软，在青铜器时代所使用的红铜、钖、铅三种金属中，钖是最容易熔化的，也是容易定型的。故甲骨文以钖为易。《说文》注：“日月为易”。（实际上没有月，故应以甲骨文为准）。易义为容易、变易。引申交换、替代。易与“难”相对。作名词，指《易经》、易水。在商品经济中，指交易。

易Ⅰ(形) ① easy ② amiable Ⅱ(动) ① change ② exchange

锡   甲骨文易与锡同为一字。象锡水从容器中下注之形。《说文》注：“银铅之间也。从金,易声。”锡为一种介于银铅之间之有色金属。金属元素，符号Sn。其硬度在银铅之间。银白色，有光泽，富延展性。

锡 [鍚] (名) tin (Sn)


《维基百科》资料：锡是一种化学元素，其化学符号是Sn（拉丁语Stannum的缩写），它的原子序数是50。它是一种主族金属。锡是一种可延展的、柔软的、高度结晶状的、银白色的金属。当锡棒被弯曲时，由于锡晶体是孪晶，可以听到被称之为锡鸣的爆裂声。纯的锡有银灰色的金属光泽，它拥有良好的伸展性能，它在空气中不易氧化，它的多种合金有防腐蚀的性能，因此它常被用来作为其它金属的防腐层。锡的主要来源是它的一种氧化物矿物锡石（SnO₂），盛产于中国云南、马来西亚等地。
锡是人类知道最早的金属之一，从古代开始它就是青铜的组成部分之一。早在前36世纪锡就被用来硬化铜。约从前7世纪开始人类认识到纯的锡。于战国时期就开始用来作武器的主要材料，无锡即以此命名，相传无锡于战国时期盛产锡，到了锡矿用尽之时，人们就以无锡来命名这地方，作为天下没有战争的寄望。

48 "tin" was able to use the access to the Bronze Age. "Easy" is the tin of the word.

Easy to bones like water from the container bet the shape. Yi and 在 in the Oracle with the word. The melting point of 231.890c, and very soft, bronze age used in the red copper, tin, lead three kinds of metal, tin is most likely to melt, but also easy to shape. Therefore, the oracle for the easy. "Said the text" Note: "The sun and the moon is easy." (In fact no month, it should be subject to Oracle). Yi Yi as easy, easy. Extended exchange. Easy and "difficult" relative. As a noun, referring to "Book of Changes", easy to water. In the commodity economy, refers to the transaction.

Easy (1) easy (2) easy (1)

Tin and easy to tin with the word for the tin. Like tin water from the container betting shape. "Said the text" Note: "Between silver and lead from the gold, easy to sound." Tin is a silver lead between the non-ferrous metals. Metal element, symbol Sn. The hardness between silver and lead. Silver-white, shiny, rich ductility.

Tin (tin)

"Wikipedia" information: tin is a chemical element, the chemical symbol is Sn (Latin Stannum abbreviation), its atomic number is 50. It is a master metal. Tin is a ductile, soft, highly crystalline, silver-white metal. When the tin rod is bent, since the tin crystal is a twin, you can hear the cracked sound known as tin. Pure tin with silver-gray metallic luster, it has good stretch properties, it is not easy in the air oxidation, and its various alloys have anti-corrosion properties, so it is often used as other metal coating. Tin is the main source of its oxide minerals cassiterite (SnO2), rich in China, Yunnan, Malaysia and other places.

Tin is one of the earliest metals known to man, and since ancient times it is one of the constituent parts of bronze. As early as the 36th century tin was used to harden copper. About the beginning of the 7th century, the human understanding of pure tin. In the Warring States period began to be used as the main material of weapons, Wuxi is named, according to legend Wuxi in the Warring States period rich in tin, to the tin mine exhausted, people to Wuxi to name this place, as the world no war hope.