贝 甲骨文象贝壳形。《说文》注：“海介虫也。象形。”古代贝用作货币，至秦代废贝币，通行钱币。贝又作财富解。在卜辞中贝亦用作祭品。
贝 [貝] (名) ① shellfish ② cowrie(用作货币)
"贝"是否曾用作商品交换中的货币?世界上有过争论.中文有关"贝"的文字,确证了这一点.
<维基百科>资料:早在原始社会末期，中国社会的商品交换逐渐产生，夏朝建立后，中国步入奴隶社会，社会分工扩大，商品交换增加，当物物交换不能满足需求时，交换媒介必然产生。贝币作为一种原始货币，在中国先秦时期商品贸易中广泛行用。原始货币为实物货币是指具有货币功能的自然物品和人工制作物。根据文献和考古发现，在夏代，生产工具、粮食、布帛、牲畜、皮张、齿角、龟壳、珠玉、海贝等都充当过交换媒介。后来一些被逐步淘汰，海贝由于对中原地区来说是稀少不易获得，而且美观方便携带为保留下来。[1]
86 "Bei" in ancient times was the currency of commodity exchange.
Shellfish bone as shells. "Said the text" Note: "sea-infested insects. Pictograms." Ancient Pui used as currency, to the Qin Dynasty waste coins, currency coins. Bei also for wealth solution. In the oracle in the shell is also used as sacrifice.
Shellfish n. Shellfish n.
Has the "shellfish" been used as a commodity exchange currency? The world has been controversial. Chinese "shell" text, confirms this point.
After the establishment of the Xia Dynasty, China entered the slave society, the social division of labor expanded, the exchange of goods increased, when the barter can not meet the demand, the exchange of media Inevitable. As a primitive currency, the coins were widely used in commodity trade in China before the Qin Dynasty. The original currency is a physical currency refers to a natural function of money and artifacts. According to the literature and archaeological discoveries, in the Xia Dynasty, production tools, food, cloth, livestock, hides, teeth angle, turtle shell, beads, seashells and so act as the exchange medium. Later, some were phased out, seashells due to the Central Plains region is scarce and difficult to obtain, and beautiful and easy to carry for preservation. [1]
The book was written in the Western Han Dynasty, "Historical Records" and "Salt and Iron" in the summer on behalf of the use of coins in the record [a], but because later recalled, legends of great composition. Some of the tombs of the Xia Dynasty, relics unearthed in the relics, the emergence of Pei is supported by the use of shellfish in the Xia Dynasty argument, such as 1975 in Henan Yanshi Erlitou cultural relics unearthed 12 natural seashells and imitation of bone shells And stone shell. [1]
The calculation unit of the coin is a friend, a friend of the shell number, the ancients have 2, 5 of the said, people generally tend to every 10 shells [b]. In the pre-Qin literature and unearthed bronze inscriptions often "friend" appears, such as: "Book of Poetry Xiaoya Jingjing who" in "both see a gentleman, tin hundred friends"; 1959 Henan Anyang Shang Dynasty tombs unearthed Shu Si Ding's inscription in the "Wang Shang Shu Bei 20 friends."
Ancient Chinese literature referred to as shellfish coins, in addition to being a sub-Amber small seashells, there are large shell, purple shell, mysterious shellfish, etc., since 1949, unearthed various types of coins in kind Shellfish, to be jujube, A shell of shellfish, tabby baby, ring pattern cargo shell, millet spot eyeball shellfish and Ling-mei Torreya spirocephalus and so on. [2]
In the middle and late Shang Dynasty, with the expansion of the scale of commodity exchange, the number of seashells appeared relatively inadequate, imitation shell coins began to appear, Shi Bei, Yu Bei, Tao Bei, bone shell, shellfish (shellfish) Silver shell, gold and gold and copper shell, and so on. But there are only imitation shell from the role of Ming Yuan. In Henan, Shanxi and other places a number of late Shang Dynasty tombs in a large number of imitation shells and real shell unearthed at the same time. [1] Chinese goods began to have physical money to the metal currency of the transition. Shang Dynasty copper imitation shellfish is the world's first found in the metal coins. As the original copper shell no inscriptions, it is also known as non-text copper shell. In addition, the circulation of money in the region of Chu grimace money, is also a copper shell. Copper imitation shell cast into the real money to the metal currency an important carrier of the transition. After the late Western Zhou Dynasty, due to weighing money and metal coins in the extensive circulation, Pei currency gradually lost monetary status, re-decorated. After the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, Tony currency out of circulation [c].
From the shellfish shape of the Chinese characters "shell"
In Chinese, with the value of money related to the text and more with "shell" word radicals or radicals, such as credit, goods, capital, poverty, money, debt, bribery, credit, accounts, purchase, etc., The use of coins in the formation of these words in the same historical period.
贝 [貝] (名) ① shellfish ② cowrie(用作货币)
"贝"是否曾用作商品交换中的货币?世界上有过争论.中文有关"贝"的文字,确证了这一点.
<维基百科>资料:早在原始社会末期，中国社会的商品交换逐渐产生，夏朝建立后，中国步入奴隶社会，社会分工扩大，商品交换增加，当物物交换不能满足需求时，交换媒介必然产生。贝币作为一种原始货币，在中国先秦时期商品贸易中广泛行用。原始货币为实物货币是指具有货币功能的自然物品和人工制作物。根据文献和考古发现，在夏代，生产工具、粮食、布帛、牲畜、皮张、齿角、龟壳、珠玉、海贝等都充当过交换媒介。后来一些被逐步淘汰，海贝由于对中原地区来说是稀少不易获得，而且美观方便携带为保留下来。[1]
成书于西汉的《史记》及《盐铁论》中均有夏代使用贝币的记载[a]，但由于是后人追述，传说成分很大。而一些夏代的墓葬、遗址出土的文物中，贝币的出现则佐证了夏代使用贝币的说法，如1975年在河南偃师二里头文化遗址中出土了12枚天然海贝和仿制的骨贝与石贝。[1]
贝币的计算单位是朋，一朋的贝数，古人有2枚、5枚之说，今人一般倾向于每朋10贝[b]。在先秦文献及出土青铜器铭文中常有“朋”字出现，如：《诗经·小雅·菁菁者莪》中有“既见君子，锡我百朋”；1959年河南安阳商代墓葬中出土的戍嗣子鼎的铭文中有“王商戍嗣子贝廿朋”。
商代中后期，随着商品交换规模的扩大，海贝数量出现了相对不足，仿制贝币开始出现，有石贝、玉贝、陶贝、骨贝、蚌贝（珧贝）、铜贝、银贝、金贝及包金铜贝等等。但仿贝也有只起冥币作用的。在河南、山西等地的多个商代晚期墓葬中有大量仿贝和真贝同时出土。[1]中国货贝开始了有实物货币到金属货币的过渡。商代铜仿贝是目前世界上发现最早的金属铸币。由于最初的铜贝没有铭文，因此也被称为无文铜贝。此外，楚国地区的流通货币鬼脸钱，也是铜贝的一种。铜仿贝的铸行成为实物货币向金属货币过渡的重要载体。西周晚期后，因称量货币和金属铸币的广泛流通，贝币就逐渐失去了货币资格，重新成了装饰品。秦朝建立后，贝币退出流通领域[c]。
Shellfish bone as shells. "Said the text" Note: "sea-infested insects. Pictograms." Ancient Pui used as currency, to the Qin Dynasty waste coins, currency coins. Bei also for wealth solution. In the oracle in the shell is also used as sacrifice.
Shellfish n. Shellfish n.
Has the "shellfish" been used as a commodity exchange currency? The world has been controversial. Chinese "shell" text, confirms this point.
After the establishment of the Xia Dynasty, China entered the slave society, the social division of labor expanded, the exchange of goods increased, when the barter can not meet the demand, the exchange of media Inevitable. As a primitive currency, the coins were widely used in commodity trade in China before the Qin Dynasty. The original currency is a physical currency refers to a natural function of money and artifacts. According to the literature and archaeological discoveries, in the Xia Dynasty, production tools, food, cloth, livestock, hides, teeth angle, turtle shell, beads, seashells and so act as the exchange medium. Later, some were phased out, seashells due to the Central Plains region is scarce and difficult to obtain, and beautiful and easy to carry for preservation. [1]
The book was written in the Western Han Dynasty, "Historical Records" and "Salt and Iron" in the summer on behalf of the use of coins in the record [a], but because later recalled, legends of great composition. Some of the tombs of the Xia Dynasty, relics unearthed in the relics, the emergence of Pei is supported by the use of shellfish in the Xia Dynasty argument, such as 1975 in Henan Yanshi Erlitou cultural relics unearthed 12 natural seashells and imitation of bone shells And stone shell. [1]
The calculation unit of the coin is a friend, a friend of the shell number, the ancients have 2, 5 of the said, people generally tend to every 10 shells [b]. In the pre-Qin literature and unearthed bronze inscriptions often "friend" appears, such as: "Book of Poetry Xiaoya Jingjing who" in "both see a gentleman, tin hundred friends"; 1959 Henan Anyang Shang Dynasty tombs unearthed Shu Si Ding's inscription in the "Wang Shang Shu Bei 20 friends."
Ancient Chinese literature referred to as shellfish coins, in addition to being a sub-Amber small seashells, there are large shell, purple shell, mysterious shellfish, etc., since 1949, unearthed various types of coins in kind Shellfish, to be jujube, A shell of shellfish, tabby baby, ring pattern cargo shell, millet spot eyeball shellfish and Ling-mei Torreya spirocephalus and so on. [2]
In the middle and late Shang Dynasty, with the expansion of the scale of commodity exchange, the number of seashells appeared relatively inadequate, imitation shell coins began to appear, Shi Bei, Yu Bei, Tao Bei, bone shell, shellfish (shellfish) Silver shell, gold and gold and copper shell, and so on. But there are only imitation shell from the role of Ming Yuan. In Henan, Shanxi and other places a number of late Shang Dynasty tombs in a large number of imitation shells and real shell unearthed at the same time. [1] Chinese goods began to have physical money to the metal currency of the transition. Shang Dynasty copper imitation shellfish is the world's first found in the metal coins. As the original copper shell no inscriptions, it is also known as non-text copper shell. In addition, the circulation of money in the region of Chu grimace money, is also a copper shell. Copper imitation shell cast into the real money to the metal currency an important carrier of the transition. After the late Western Zhou Dynasty, due to weighing money and metal coins in the extensive circulation, Pei currency gradually lost monetary status, re-decorated. After the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, Tony currency out of circulation [c].
From the shellfish shape of the Chinese characters "shell"
In Chinese, with the value of money related to the text and more with "shell" word radicals or radicals, such as credit, goods, capital, poverty, money, debt, bribery, credit, accounts, purchase, etc., The use of coins in the formation of these words in the same historical period.
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