《汉字解码学》95 "砲"与"炮"的区别和发展. 95 The Difference and Development between "砲" and "Gun".

95  "砲"与"炮"的区别和发展.

炮    炮是形声会意字。火为形符；包为声符。繁体字是石马交三字合组为礮，古代“礮”指抛石机，后来才指火炮。炮为战争中机械发射火药、弹丸之装置。也指炸药爆破之装置，借指爆竹、烟花。 炮  [ 砲、礮 ] ( 名 ) ①  cannon; artillery piece ②  firecracker


<互动百科>资料:从“石炮”到“火炮” 

中国是火炮的故乡，现代火炮是从中国古代发明的抛石机发展而来。抛石机也叫发石车。它的结构十分简单，在一个木架上做一横轴，并在轴与横轴中间穿插一根长杆，杆的一端系着一个装石块的皮窠，另一端系着几十条或百余条绳索。使用时，将石块放入皮窠，一声令下，众人齐拉绳索，皮窠的石块便飞也似地抛出。 

抛石机最早用于战争是在公元前770年～公元前476年的春秋战国时代。据《三国志·魏书》记载，公元200年的官渡之战时，曹操曾使用抛石机攻破了袁绍的营垒，从而大获全胜。汉至唐期间，尽管抛石机在作战中的运用逐渐增多，但规模一般较小。唐代时期，抛石机越做越大，有的需一二百人拉绳，才能将巨石抛出，每石能击毙数人。 

公元8世纪，火药的发明使抛石机的发展发生了质的飞跃。公元10世纪火药开始用于军事后，抛石机便由抛石变为抛火球。火球又称火药弹。因此，便出现了最早的火炮。 

宋代是我国古炮发展最为鼎盛的时期，公元12世纪30年代，出现了以巨竹为筒的管形喷射器――火枪。13世纪50年代，又出现了竹制管形射击火器――突火枪。1234年，元军攻打宋都汴梁，就曾使用火炮数百具，昼夜连续向城内发射，所射石弹几乎将里城填平。1275年，宋元两军大战于长江一线，元军用炮的场面煞是壮观，“炮声震百里”，宋军惨败。北宋仁宗时期编纂而成的《武经总要》可以说是我国古代第一部“古炮大全”。该书遍收历代上好的攻城兵器，其中辑录了10多种古代样炮，并附有火炮图形。 

据考证，我国最古老的火炮要比欧洲现存最古老的火炮早半个世纪。中国的火药和火炮技术传入西方,西方兵器发展迅速上升，火炮的制造技术赶超了中国。 


95  The Difference and Development between "砲" and "Gun".

Artillery is the word knowing the word. Fire for the character; package for the sound symbol. The traditional character is the stone horse to pay three words combined group for the ancient, "礮" refers to the stone throwing machine, later refers to the artillery. A device for the mechanical firing of gunpowder or projectile in war. Also refers to the explosive blasting device, by means of firecrackers, fireworks. Cannon; artillery piece ② firecracker


"Stone gun" to "artillery"
China is the hometown of artillery, modern artillery is from the ancient Chinese invention of stone throwing machine development. Stone throwing stone machine also called fat. Its structure is very simple, in a wooden frame to do a horizontal axis, and in the axis and the horizontal axis interspersed with a long pole, the rod end of a stone with a stone nest, the other end of dozens or More than 100 rope. When used, the stones into the skin nest, the order, the crowd Zira rope, leather nest stone will fly to throw.

Stone throwing machine was first used in the war is 770 BC ~ 476 BC, the Spring and Autumn Period. According to the "Three Kingdoms Wei Shu" records, AD 200 years of the official crossing of the war, Cao Cao had used a stone throwing machine to break the camp of Yuan Shao, to victory. Han to Tang period, although the use of stone throwing machine in the war gradually increased, but the scale is generally small. The Tang Dynasty, rubble machine bigger and bigger, and some need one or two hundred people rope, to throw the stone, each stone can kill several people.

In the 8th century, the invention of gunpowder made a qualitative leap in the development of the throwing stone machine. In the 10th century, gunpowder began to be used in the military, the stone throwing machine from throwing stone into a throwing fireball. Fireball also known as gunpowder. As a result, the earliest artillery appeared.

The Song Dynasty was the most prosperous period of ancient artillery development in China. In the thirties of the 12th century, there was a tube-shaped injector-gun with giant bamboo. The fifteenth century, the fifties, there has been a bamboo tube shooting firearms - sudden guns. 1234, the Yuan army attacked the song are Bianliang, had used hundreds of artillery, day and night to the city launch, the shot shells almost filled the city. 1275, the Song and Yuan Dynasties war in the Yangtze River line, Yuan army gun scene is truly spectacular, "gun sound shock hundred miles," Song fiasco. The Northern Song Dynasty Renzong period compilation of "Wu Jing total" can be said that China's ancient first "ancient artillery". The book all over the history of good siege weapons, which compiled a dozen kinds of ancient artillery, with artillery graphics.


According to research, China's oldest artillery than Europe's oldest artillery in the early half a century. China's gunpowder and artillery technology into the West, the rapid development of Western weapons, gun manufacturing technology catch up with China.