1 记录母系社会的文字“活化石”---"姓"
自从人类出现在地球上，经过一段时间的混乱生活，就进入母系社会。母系社会经历的时间是非常漫长的。那时，人们都是依母亲姓氏为姓。
姓 甲骨文由“女”与“生”二字组成，表示氏族之姓，这反映创造此字之时中国正处于母系社会。《说文》注：“人所生也。……从女,从生,生亦声。”姓为人出生之家族名字。姓，即为标志家族系统之姓氏。
姓 (名) surname; family name
母系社会是按母系计算世系血统和继承财产的氏族制度，是氏族社会的第一阶段。在母系氏族制后期，也就是新石器早期，这一阶段的打制工具有较大改进，并发明了弓箭。其生产部
门主要是采集和狩猎。人们学会缝制兽皮衣服，产生了原始的审美观念和宗教。同时，出现了族外婚，形成以一个老祖母为核心的氏族制。由于女子在采集生产中的重要地位，因此便决定了以女性为中心的母系氏族制。
在母系氏族制形成时是禁止内婚的，氏族成员进行族外群婚。因为实行族外婚制，子女跟随母亲，因此是无父无夫的国度。在生活时代有限的原始社会下，氏族是人们赖以生存的基础，血缘关系是维系氏族成员的纽带，互相保护，并按性别和年龄进行分工。青壮年男子担任狩猎、捕鱼和防御野兽等任务；女性担任采集食物、烧烤食品、缝制衣服，养育老幼等繁重任务；老人和小孩从事辅助性的劳动。
从简单的分工中，不难看出，女子从事的职责比男子从事的狩猎有比较稳定的性质，是可靠的生活来源，具有重要的意义。她们是氏族组织中的重要成员，她们的活动是为了氏族集体的利益，具有重要的社会意义，对维系氏族的生存和繁衍都起着极为重要的作用，因此，妇女在氏族公社里占有重要的地位，普遍受到重视。
世界各地的母系氏族公社的典型形态，在成文史出现之前已大部消逝，但其残余在阶级社会中尚存。在近现代部落民族中，只有少数处于母系氏族阶段，如北美印第安人的易洛魁部落。在母系氏族阶段，妇女从事采集和原始农业，制备日常衣食并主持家务，在社会经济生活中起有重要作用。女男群婚尔后是对偶婚，妻夫各居自己母亲家里，或是夫居妻家，结合不稳定。氏族中设有议事会，是氏族的最高权力机构，决定一切重大事务，选举产生氏族长。氏族中的全体成年女男都可参加议事会。担任族长的一般是年长的妇女。
在母系氏族制形成时是禁止内婚的，氏族成员进行族外群婚。因为实行族外婚制，子女跟随母亲，因此是无父无夫的国度。在生活时代有限的原始社会下，氏族是人们赖以生存的基础，血缘关系是维系氏族成员的纽带，互相保护，并按性别和年龄进行分工。青壮年男子担任狩猎、捕鱼和防御野兽等任务；女性担任采集食物、烧烤食品、缝制衣服，养育老幼等繁重任务；老人和小孩从事辅助性的劳动。
从简单的分工中，不难看出，女子从事的职责比男子从事的狩猎有比较稳定的性质，是可靠的生活来源，具有重要的意义。她们是氏族组织中的重要成员，她们的活动是为了氏族集体的利益，具有重要的社会意义，对维系氏族的生存和繁衍都起着极为重要的作用，因此，妇女在氏族公社里占有重要的地位，普遍受到重视。
世界各地的母系氏族公社的典型形态，在成文史出现之前已大部消逝，但其残余在阶级社会中尚存。在近现代部落民族中，只有少数处于母系氏族阶段，如北美印第安人的易洛魁部落。在母系氏族阶段，妇女从事采集和原始农业，制备日常衣食并主持家务，在社会经济生活中起有重要作用。女男群婚尔后是对偶婚，妻夫各居自己母亲家里，或是夫居妻家，结合不稳定。氏族中设有议事会，是氏族的最高权力机构，决定一切重大事务，选举产生氏族长。氏族中的全体成年女男都可参加议事会。担任族长的一般是年长的妇女。
遗址
在中国，母系社会繁荣时期的文化遗存遍布南北各地，主要代表有裴李岗文化、磁山文化、仰韶文化、河姆渡文化、马家窑文化、屈家岭文化及细石器文化等等。母系氏族社会进入发展时期。中石器时代是旧石器时代向新石器时代的过渡阶段。迄今为止，有关中石器时代的考古资料还比较缺乏。新石器时代，人类在打制石器的基础上摸索出磨制石器的新技术，又发明了原始农业、畜牧业、制陶业和纺织业，皮革加工和缝纫技术也有进步，原始手工业及副业出现等等。
人类除利用天然洞穴居住之外，又开始营建房舍。在河谷台地水源便利之处，逐渐形成村落。人们开始了定居的生活。原始审美和宗教观念继续发展，并产生了最早的文字符号。
时代
大约在四、五万年前，当由古人进化为新人时，中国原始社会就进入了母系氏族社会，在考古学上属于旧石器时代晚期。 到距今大约一万年左右时，在考古学上属于中石器时代或属于新石器时代初期，母系氏族公社向前迈进了一步，到了距现在大约六七千年时，达到了繁荣时期。
沿革
母系氏族以母系血缘维系的，并且由母系关系传递，即由祖母传给母亲，由母
亲传给女儿，由女儿传给孙女，依此类推，永不间断。在云南永宁纳西族还保留着有女儿不算断根，但是只生儿子则是断根，必须过继女孩为继承人。在仰韶文化的遗存中曾发现一些子女随着母亲埋葬的现象，是母子关系无比亲密的反映。
第一个氏族成员，不管其性别如何，她或他都属于母亲所在的氏族，而不属于她或他父亲的氏族。父亲是氏族以外的人。当时人们信仰氏族与某种动物、植物或无生物有一定的血缘关系；人们就把该物视为自己的祖先，这就是图腾。古代有些姓氏来源于图腾，并从女字。如简狄吞玄鸟之卵而生契（商朝祖先），今天仍有人称鸡卵为“鸡子”，商人以子为姓。姜嫄履巨人迹而生周朝祖先弃，周人以姬（迹）为姓。秦人祖先女修吞玄鸟之卵而生大业，为嬴氏。这是他们的母系与某种图腾的结合而生人类的见证，是其无父无夫的反映。古老的姓氏中，如姜、姚、妫、姞、安、晏、娄、嫪、妘等，多从女字旁，而姓本身是由女、生组成，这是姓氏从女，世系按母系血缘计算的反映。妇女在生产起重要作用。
在原始的生产分工中，男子从事渔猎活动，妇女从事采集活动，采集活动比渔猎活动的收获稳定，供氏族成员糊口度日。妇女在长期的采集活动中，发现了植物生长成熟的条件，经过反复实践，反复认识，对作物生长的规律有了认识，终于由妇女发现了农业，在北方从狗尾草中培养出了谷子，在南方从野生稻中培植成了稻子，时间在六七千年前，形成了刀耕火种的锄耕农业，因农业的发展，可以挤出一些粮食喂养动物，逐渐驯养出了狗、马、牛、羊、鸡、猪等牲畜，出现了畜牧业。
（说明部分摘录引用了百度关于母系社会的文章）
1 Record the text of matriarchal society "living fossil" --- "surname"
Since man appeared on the earth, after a period of chaotic life, he entered the matriarchal society. Matriarchal society experienced a very long time. At that time, people are in accordance with the mother's surname for the family name.
Surname Oracle consists of "female" and "raw" word, said the clan name, which reflects the creation of this word when China is matriarchal society. "Said the text" Note: "People born also ... ... from the female, from the students, students also sound." Family name was born name. The surname is the family name of the sign family.
Surname;
Matriarchal society is the maternal lineage descent and inheritance of the clan system of property, is the first phase of the clan society. In the late matriarchal system, which is the early Neolithic, this stage of the system has greatly improved tools, and the invention of the bow and arrow. Its production department
The doors are mainly gathered and hunted. People learn to sew animal skins, resulting in the original aesthetic concepts and religion. At the same time, the emergence of a foreign marriage, the formation of an old grandmother at the core of the clan system. As a woman in the production of the important position, it will determine the female-centered matriarchal clan system.
In the matriarchal system is prohibited when the formation of marriage, the clan members of the group outside the group marriage. Because the implementation of family marriages, children follow the mother, so there is no fatherless country. In the primitive society of limited life, the clan is the basis of people's survival, kinship is to maintain the ties of the clan members, mutual protection, according to sex and age division of labor. Young men as hunting, fishing and defense of the beast and other tasks; women as gathering food, barbecue food, sewing clothes, raising young and old and other heavy tasks; the elderly and children engaged in ancillary labor.
From the simple division of labor, it is not difficult to see that women engaged in hunting duties than men engaged in a more stable nature, is a reliable source of life, of great significance. They are important members of the clan organization, their activities are for the interests of the clan collective, has important social significance, to maintain the clan's survival and reproduction plays a very important role, therefore, women in the clan commune occupies an important Status, universal attention.
The typical form of matriarchal communes around the world has largely vanished before the advent of written history, but its remnants remain in class society. In the modern tribal peoples, only a few in the matriarchal clan phase, such as the North American Indians Iroquois tribes. In the matriarchal stage, women engaged in gathering and primitive agriculture, preparing daily food and clothing and housework, in the social and economic life plays an important role. Female male group marriage is a dual marriage, his wife his mother to live in their own home, or husband wife home, combined with instability. The clan has a council, is the supreme authority of the clan, decided to all major matters, elected clan chiefs. All adult men and women in the clan may attend the council. The patriarchs are generally older women.
Ruins
In China, the matriarchal society during the prosperity of the cultural relics throughout the north and south, the main representatives of Peiligang culture, magnetic mountain culture, Yangshao culture, Hemudu culture, Majiayao culture, Qujialing culture and fine stone culture and so on. Matriarchal society entered the development period. The Mesolithic is the transition from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic. To date, archaeological data on the Mesolithic remains relatively scarce. In the Neolithic Age, mankind explored new techniques of grinding stone tools on the basis of stone tools, and invented primitive agriculture, animal husbandry, pottery and textile industry, leather processing and sewing technology, and the emergence of primitive handicrafts and sideline production and many more.
In addition to living in natural caves, mankind began to build houses. In the river valley platform water source convenience, gradually formed villages. People began to settle in life. Primitive aesthetic and religious ideas continue to develop, and produced the earliest text symbols.
era
About forty to fifty thousand years ago, when the ancients evolved into newcomers, Chinese primitive society entered the matriarchal clan society, in archaeological belong to the late Paleolithic. To about ten thousand years ago, in the archaeological belong to the Neolithic Age or the early Neolithic, matriarchal commune a step forward, to the present about six or seven thousand years, reached a period of prosperity.
History
The matriarchal clan is maintained by a matrilineal lineage, and is transmitted by a matrilineal relationship, that is, from the grandmother to the mother,
Pro-passed to her daughter, from daughter to granddaughter, and so on, never-ending. In Yongning Naxi also retains a daughter is not cut off roots, but only a son is cut off, we must adopt the girl as heir. Yangshao culture in the remnants of some children have been found buried with the mother of the phenomenon of mother-child relationship is very close reflection.
The first clan, regardless of sex, she or he belongs to the mother's clan, and not to her or his father's clan. The father is a person other than a clan. At that time people believe that the clan and an animal, plant or creature have a certain blood relationship; people regard the material as their ancestors, this is the totem. Some ancient surnames originated from totem, and from the female word. Such as Jane Dittle bird of the egg and the Health and deeds (Shang ancestors), today there are still chicken eggs as "chicken", businessman to the child as the name. Jiang Gou walking giant traces of Health Zhou Zhaozu abandoned, Zhou to Ji (trace) for the name. The ancestors of the first Qin Xiu bird swallowed the eggs of Health and the great cause, as the winner's. This is their matriarchal and a combination of totem and the witness of human beings, is no reflection of his fatherless husband. The ancient surnames, such as ginger, Yao, Gui, An, Yan, Lou, 嫪, 妘, etc., and more from the female word next to the surname itself is composed of women, students, this is the surname from the female, Reflecting the Calculation of Blood. Women play an important role in production.
In the original division of labor, men engaged in hunting and fishing activities, women engaged in gathering activities, fishing activities than fishing harvest stable, for the clan life. Women in the long-term collection activities, found the conditions for plant growth and maturity, after repeated practice, repeated knowledge of the law of crop growth with the understanding, and finally by the women found in agriculture, in the north from the foxtail millet, In the south, rice was cultivated from wild rice, and the time was sixty or seventy-seven thousand years ago. It formed a slash-and-burn farming. Due to the development of agriculture, some grain-feeding animals could be squeezed out, and dogs, horses, cattle and sheep were gradually domesticated. , Chickens, pigs and other livestock, there has been animal husbandry.
(Part of the excerpt cited Baidu's article on matriarchal society)
第一个氏族成员，不管其性别如何，她或他都属于母亲所在的氏族，而不属于她或他父亲的氏族。父亲是氏族以外的人。当时人们信仰氏族与某种动物、植物或无生物有一定的血缘关系；人们就把该物视为自己的祖先，这就是图腾。古代有些姓氏来源于图腾，并从女字。如简狄吞玄鸟之卵而生契（商朝祖先），今天仍有人称鸡卵为“鸡子”，商人以子为姓。姜嫄履巨人迹而生周朝祖先弃，周人以姬（迹）为姓。秦人祖先女修吞玄鸟之卵而生大业，为嬴氏。这是他们的母系与某种图腾的结合而生人类的见证，是其无父无夫的反映。古老的姓氏中，如姜、姚、妫、姞、安、晏、娄、嫪、妘等，多从女字旁，而姓本身是由女、生组成，这是姓氏从女，世系按母系血缘计算的反映。妇女在生产起重要作用。
在原始的生产分工中，男子从事渔猎活动，妇女从事采集活动，采集活动比渔猎活动的收获稳定，供氏族成员糊口度日。妇女在长期的采集活动中，发现了植物生长成熟的条件，经过反复实践，反复认识，对作物生长的规律有了认识，终于由妇女发现了农业，在北方从狗尾草中培养出了谷子，在南方从野生稻中培植成了稻子，时间在六七千年前，形成了刀耕火种的锄耕农业，因农业的发展，可以挤出一些粮食喂养动物，逐渐驯养出了狗、马、牛、羊、鸡、猪等牲畜，出现了畜牧业。
（说明部分摘录引用了百度关于母系社会的文章）
1 Record the text of matriarchal society "living fossil" --- "surname"
Since man appeared on the earth, after a period of chaotic life, he entered the matriarchal society. Matriarchal society experienced a very long time. At that time, people are in accordance with the mother's surname for the family name.
Surname Oracle consists of "female" and "raw" word, said the clan name, which reflects the creation of this word when China is matriarchal society. "Said the text" Note: "People born also ... ... from the female, from the students, students also sound." Family name was born name. The surname is the family name of the sign family.
Surname;
Matriarchal society is the maternal lineage descent and inheritance of the clan system of property, is the first phase of the clan society. In the late matriarchal system, which is the early Neolithic, this stage of the system has greatly improved tools, and the invention of the bow and arrow. Its production department
The doors are mainly gathered and hunted. People learn to sew animal skins, resulting in the original aesthetic concepts and religion. At the same time, the emergence of a foreign marriage, the formation of an old grandmother at the core of the clan system. As a woman in the production of the important position, it will determine the female-centered matriarchal clan system.
In the matriarchal system is prohibited when the formation of marriage, the clan members of the group outside the group marriage. Because the implementation of family marriages, children follow the mother, so there is no fatherless country. In the primitive society of limited life, the clan is the basis of people's survival, kinship is to maintain the ties of the clan members, mutual protection, according to sex and age division of labor. Young men as hunting, fishing and defense of the beast and other tasks; women as gathering food, barbecue food, sewing clothes, raising young and old and other heavy tasks; the elderly and children engaged in ancillary labor.
From the simple division of labor, it is not difficult to see that women engaged in hunting duties than men engaged in a more stable nature, is a reliable source of life, of great significance. They are important members of the clan organization, their activities are for the interests of the clan collective, has important social significance, to maintain the clan's survival and reproduction plays a very important role, therefore, women in the clan commune occupies an important Status, universal attention.
The typical form of matriarchal communes around the world has largely vanished before the advent of written history, but its remnants remain in class society. In the modern tribal peoples, only a few in the matriarchal clan phase, such as the North American Indians Iroquois tribes. In the matriarchal stage, women engaged in gathering and primitive agriculture, preparing daily food and clothing and housework, in the social and economic life plays an important role. Female male group marriage is a dual marriage, his wife his mother to live in their own home, or husband wife home, combined with instability. The clan has a council, is the supreme authority of the clan, decided to all major matters, elected clan chiefs. All adult men and women in the clan may attend the council. The patriarchs are generally older women.
Ruins
In China, the matriarchal society during the prosperity of the cultural relics throughout the north and south, the main representatives of Peiligang culture, magnetic mountain culture, Yangshao culture, Hemudu culture, Majiayao culture, Qujialing culture and fine stone culture and so on. Matriarchal society entered the development period. The Mesolithic is the transition from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic. To date, archaeological data on the Mesolithic remains relatively scarce. In the Neolithic Age, mankind explored new techniques of grinding stone tools on the basis of stone tools, and invented primitive agriculture, animal husbandry, pottery and textile industry, leather processing and sewing technology, and the emergence of primitive handicrafts and sideline production and many more.
In addition to living in natural caves, mankind began to build houses. In the river valley platform water source convenience, gradually formed villages. People began to settle in life. Primitive aesthetic and religious ideas continue to develop, and produced the earliest text symbols.
era
About forty to fifty thousand years ago, when the ancients evolved into newcomers, Chinese primitive society entered the matriarchal clan society, in archaeological belong to the late Paleolithic. To about ten thousand years ago, in the archaeological belong to the Neolithic Age or the early Neolithic, matriarchal commune a step forward, to the present about six or seven thousand years, reached a period of prosperity.
History
The matriarchal clan is maintained by a matrilineal lineage, and is transmitted by a matrilineal relationship, that is, from the grandmother to the mother,
Pro-passed to her daughter, from daughter to granddaughter, and so on, never-ending. In Yongning Naxi also retains a daughter is not cut off roots, but only a son is cut off, we must adopt the girl as heir. Yangshao culture in the remnants of some children have been found buried with the mother of the phenomenon of mother-child relationship is very close reflection.
The first clan, regardless of sex, she or he belongs to the mother's clan, and not to her or his father's clan. The father is a person other than a clan. At that time people believe that the clan and an animal, plant or creature have a certain blood relationship; people regard the material as their ancestors, this is the totem. Some ancient surnames originated from totem, and from the female word. Such as Jane Dittle bird of the egg and the Health and deeds (Shang ancestors), today there are still chicken eggs as "chicken", businessman to the child as the name. Jiang Gou walking giant traces of Health Zhou Zhaozu abandoned, Zhou to Ji (trace) for the name. The ancestors of the first Qin Xiu bird swallowed the eggs of Health and the great cause, as the winner's. This is their matriarchal and a combination of totem and the witness of human beings, is no reflection of his fatherless husband. The ancient surnames, such as ginger, Yao, Gui, An, Yan, Lou, 嫪, 妘, etc., and more from the female word next to the surname itself is composed of women, students, this is the surname from the female, Reflecting the Calculation of Blood. Women play an important role in production.
In the original division of labor, men engaged in hunting and fishing activities, women engaged in gathering activities, fishing activities than fishing harvest stable, for the clan life. Women in the long-term collection activities, found the conditions for plant growth and maturity, after repeated practice, repeated knowledge of the law of crop growth with the understanding, and finally by the women found in agriculture, in the north from the foxtail millet, In the south, rice was cultivated from wild rice, and the time was sixty or seventy-seven thousand years ago. It formed a slash-and-burn farming. Due to the development of agriculture, some grain-feeding animals could be squeezed out, and dogs, horses, cattle and sheep were gradually domesticated. , Chickens, pigs and other livestock, there has been animal husbandry.
(Part of the excerpt cited Baidu's article on matriarchal society)
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