附录《共和国辞典016期》资料之一 of two Major surgery on Chinese characters: stroke reduced by nearly half

• 【起因】汉字继续简化是路线斗争需要

附录《共和国辞典016期》资料 之一
	毛泽东：汉字简化最终目的是汉字拼音化
	为普及教育和方便书写而对汉字进行简化，自清末到民国，想法由来已久。但直到1956年，国务院公布《汉字简化方案》，才从此正式揭开了汉字简化的序幕。总的来说，尽管有得有失，56年《汉字简化方案》是总结了前人经验、谨慎梳理了古代俗体简体字形而出台的，经历数年试行，1964年文字改革委员会编印了《简化字总表》，这个总表收录了2235个简化汉字，成为目前通行的规范汉字的来源，具有相当的科学性。

随着新华字典等工具书的普及，以及《红岩》《青春之歌》等简体字小说的大量发行，这套简体字开始被广泛熟悉。当文革时期数上亿册的简体字版《毛选》《毛语录》的印刷发行后，简体字在中国大陆已经几乎是无人不晓无人不识。然而即便如此，简化字的脚步并未停止下来。事实上，文字简化并非文字改革的最后目标。毛泽东在1951年就曾经说过“文字必须改革，要走世界文字共同的拼音方向”，许多文字专家深信这一点，而继续简化，有利于在过渡时期减少汉字在使用上的困难。

从学术问题变为政治问题：反对汉字改革就是反对毛泽东思想

另一方面，与那个年代其他的事物一样，汉字简化这个具有很强学术性的问题，被赋予了太多的政治因素。原因在于，简化字是“为人民大众服务的”，其来源也是人民群众的智慧，代表着“工农阶级先进文化的方向”，为此还上升到了路线斗争的高度—— “1957年，资产阶级右派向党进攻，曾经在文字改革问题上借题发挥，大肆攻击。” “刘少奇一伙，继承了尊孔复古的反动衣钵，在文字改革问题上大放厥词，胡说什么简化汉字工作‘将来是要吃大亏的’。他们对群众创造的简化字看不顺眼，横加指责，真是丧心病狂到了极点。反对汉字改革，实际就是反对工农兵群众学习马克思主义和毛泽东思想。” 至此，不管是基于汉字拼音化的愿望，还是政治上的实际需要，对汉字的进一步简化可谓是理所当然的。 【Causes】 Chinese characters continue to streamline the need for the struggle line Appendix "Republic of Dictionary 016 period" information one Mao Zedong: simplified Chinese characters the ultimate goal is the pinyin of Chinese characters For the popularization of education and to facilitate the writing of simplified Chinese characters, from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, the idea of ​​a long time. But until 1956, the State Council announced the "simplified Chinese characters program", only then officially opened a simplified prelude to Chinese characters. In general, despite the gains and losses, 56 years, "simplified Chinese characters program" is summed up the experience of their predecessors, carefully sort out the ancient Chinese simplified form and introduced, after several years of trial, the 1964 Reform Committee "Simplified Word List", this table contains 2235 simplified Chinese characters, as the current norms of the source of Chinese characters, with considerable scientific. With the popularity of Xinhua dictionary and other tools, as well as "Red Rock" "Song of Youth" and other simplified Chinese novels issued a large number of simplified Chinese characters began to be widely familiar. When the number of hundreds of millions of copies of the simplified version of the Cultural Revolution, "Mao election", "Mao quotes," the printing and distribution, the simplified Chinese characters in mainland China has almost no one knows no one knows. However, even so, the pace of simplified characters did not stop down. In fact, the text simplification is not the final goal of the text reform. Mao Zedong once said in 1951 that "the writing must be reformed and the common phonetic direction of the world's writing is going to be adopted." Many writers believe this and continue to simplify it, which is conducive to reducing the difficulties in using Chinese characters during the transitional period. From academic issues to political issues: to oppose the reform of Chinese characters is to oppose Mao Zedong Thought On the other hand, as with the rest of the time, the simplification of Chinese characters, which was a highly academic problem, was endowed with too many political factors. The reason is that the simplified word is "for the people", its source is the wisdom of the people, representing the "worker-peasant class advanced culture direction", for this also rose to the height of the struggle line - "In 1957, the bourgeois right wing attacked the Party, and once played a role in the reform of the written form. "Liu Shaoqi a group, inherited the revered hole mourning retro hole, on the issue of writing reform nonsense, what to simplify the work of Chinese characters 'future is to suffer.' They simplified the creation of the people to see dislike, cross accusations, Really opposed to the reform of Chinese characters, in fact, against the masses of workers, peasants and soldiers to study Marxism and Mao Zedong Thought. At this point, whether based on the Chinese character phonetic desire, or the actual political needs, the further simplification of Chinese characters can be taken for granted.

寻找“二简字”：从“在古代俗体字中找”到“在人民群众的创造中找”

经历过文革初期的冲击，在林彪叛逃以后，文字改革委员会重新开始了工作。可是继续对汉字简化，却显得困难重重。编定第一套简化字的时候，简化字的来源主要是古代的俗体字，有的俗体字可以追溯到一千年以前，特别在宋元以来的抄本、刻本和碑本中较为常见。再想找这种古代俗体字，无疑是非常困难的。于是只好从“群众的创造”中找流行的字。 1972年，著名学者郭沫若在《红旗》刊文谈如何寻找简化字：“从事文改工作的人，应该经常注意民间的简化汉字，吸取其可取者而随时加以推广。国务院所颁布的简化汉字，是应该随时增加的。”“遵循毛主席教导，即‘从群众中来，到群众中去’”。 于是，文字改革委员会出台了制定“第二批简化字”的原则——“广大群众对汉字进行的简化，充分显示了群众的创造精神和丰富的智慧。从事汉字简化工作，就是要总结群众创造简化字的规律，应用群众简化汉字的方法，在广泛搜集群众中流行的简化字的基础上，对汉字进行整理和简化”。收集的资料，主要来自文字改革委员会1972年各省、市、自治区征集的新简化字材料，推荐的新简化字材料，以及群众来信中提供的新简化字材料。然而，这些所谓的新简化字，很多只是来自各地人们“大字报”里的创作，为简化而简化，并没有得到充分的约定俗成机会，不是成熟的俗体字。 Search for "two simple words": from "in the ancient Chinese characters to find" to "in the people's creation to find" Experienced the impact of the initial stage of the Cultural Revolution, Lin Biao defected, the words Reform Committee to start work. But to simplify the Chinese characters, but it is difficult. When writing the first set of simplified words, the source of the simplified characters is mainly the ancient characters, some characters can be traced back to a thousand years ago, especially in the copybooks, inscriptions and inscriptions since the Song and Yuan Dynasties . And then looking for this ancient Chinese characters, is undoubtedly very difficult. So he had to find popular words from the "creation of the masses". In 1972, the famous scholar Guo Moruo in the "Red Flag" published on how to find simplified text: "engaged in cultural reform work, people should always pay attention to the simplified Chinese characters, learn from their desirable and be promoted at any time.State Council promulgated simplified Chinese characters, Is to increase at any time. "" Follow the guidance of Chairman Mao, that 'from the masses, to the masses to go' ". As a result, the Committee for the Reform of the Chinese Language introduced the principle of "the second batch of simplified Chinese characters" - "the simplification of the Chinese characters by the masses of the masses, fully demonstrating the creative spirit and wisdom of the masses." The simplification of Chinese characters is to sum up the masses' Simplify the law of the word, the use of simplified Chinese characters, widely collected in the popular simplified Chinese characters on the basis of the Chinese characters collated and simplified. The data collected mainly come from the new simplified word materials, the new simplified Chinese characters, and the new simplified Chinese characters provided by the masses in letters, letters, letters, letters, However, these so-called new simplified characters, many only from people around the "poster" in the creation, to simplify and simplify, and not get the opportunity to fully agree, not mature characters.

周恩来：这次为什么简化这么一点

经过三年整理研究，在第一次简化字的基础之上，1975年5月，由叶籁士领导的文字改革委员会反复敲定了111个新简化字，报送国务院审阅。四个月后，国务院办公室转来周恩来的批示：“第一批已经公布这么多年了，这次为什么简化这么一点？” 总理的埋怨让文字改革委员会和叶籁士如坐针毡。这111个字，是经过反复挑选的，群众已经使用的字，如果再增加就只能生造了。但总理的指示又必须要执行，于是方案又进行了近两年的修订工作。1977年5月，委员会修订后的草案再次报送国务院审阅，此时草案光第一表就有了248个新简化字。这时，毛泽东、周恩来均已去世。五个多月后，国务院批示：草案可在《人民日报》及省一级的报纸上发表，征求各界意见，其中第一表的字，自草案发表之日起即在图书报刊上先行试用，在试用中征求意见。第二表收录了605个新简化字，推出后仅供讨论，没有直接实行。 1977年12月20日，《人民日报》、《光明日报》、《解放军报》及各省级行政区一级报纸发表了《第二次汉字简化方案（草案）》，人民日报第二日起即开始试用，这就是所谓的“二简字”。（腾讯网） Zhou Enlai: Why is this simplified? After three years of research, on the basis of the first reduction of words, in May 1975, by the Yueshi leadership of the text reform committee has repeatedly finalized 111 new simplified characters, submitted to the State Council for review. Four months later, the State Council Office turned to Zhou Enlai 's instructions: "The first batch has been published for so many years, and this time why simplify that? Prime Minister of the blame for the Committee for the Reform of the Word and Ye Sishi like pins and needles. The 111 words, after repeated selection, the masses have used the word, if you can only increase the production of the. But the Prime Minister's instructions must be implemented, so the program has carried out nearly two years of revision. In May 1977, the revised draft was again submitted to the State Council for review, at which point 248 new simplified words appeared on the first table. At this time, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai have died. More than five months later, the State Council: the draft can be in the "People's Daily" and the provincial-level newspapers published to solicit opinions from all walks of life, the first table of the word, since the date of publication in the books and newspapers published in the first trial, In the trial for comments. The second table contains 605 new simplified words, introduced only for discussion, not directly implemented. December 20, 1977, "People's Daily", "Guangming Daily", "Liberation Army Daily" and the provincial-level newspaper published a "second simplified Chinese characters program (draft)", the second day of the People's Daily Start trial, this is the so-called "two simple words." (Tencent Network)