二、汉字密码的构成 Second, the composition of Chinese characters Password

二、汉字密码的构成

中国有56个民族，有古文字的民族共18个（汉、藏、蒙、维、彝、傣、壮、白、满、朝鲜、俄罗斯、哈萨克、柯尔克兹、拉祜、纳西、傈僳、水、锡泊），解放后新创文字的民族有8个（苗、布依、哈尼、侗、景颇、黎、佤、土）。汉文是全国90%人口共同使用的主体文字，并列入联合国通用文字之一，所以汉字在世界范围内统称中文。

汉字的前身是结绳记事、契刻记事的密码符号。汉字的创立，传说是黄帝的史官仓颉所造。荀子说：“好书者众也，而仓颉独传者，一也。”这句话的意思是：中国参与造字的很多很多，岂止仓颉一人。而仓颉之所以传名后世，是因为他作了收集、整理、统一的工作。仓颉是怎样造字的？据《韩非子·五蠹篇》说：“仓颉之作书也，自环者谓之私，背私谓之公。”意思就是说仓颉是以一种密码符号来造字的，比如私字，就是将东西（禾苗）抱在怀里表示私有或表示自私。与私字相反，在“厶”字上标出两个相背的符号，表示与私相反，就叫作公。这种符号，既别于拼音文字，又别于单纯的音节文字，而是一种密码词符文字。一个字就是一个独立的单词，每个字由一个或多个密码符号组成。

中国汉字的密码符号具有多种性质，形态也多种多样。在两千多年前的战国时期儒家学者编纂的《周礼·地官·保氏》中说：“保氏掌速王恶，而养国子以道，及教之六艺……五曰六书。”六书就是中国汉字的六种造字方法。其中真正用以造字的只有四种密码符号，其余两种只是密码符号的转用方法。

汉字的四种密码符号是：

1、象形符号。象形就是把实物的外形轮廓作为符号，文字像实物的形状，以形表义。例如日、月、山、田、鱼、鸟、火、水、木、果等等。

不以实物整体为形，而是突出其某一特点，以此作为符号，是象形的另一种方法。例如牛、羊突出头部及双角，使名象符号更加鲜明突出。

有的象形是以抽象的形体符号来表达，例如草、木、禾、竹等等。

有的象形符号是采用附托的方式来完成。例如眉的象形将眉毛附托于目上，须的象形将胡须附托于人的面颊之下。

象形是汉字基础。但是用象形符号造字有一定的限度，没法满足记录语言传递信息的需要。

2、指事符号。在象形符号上加一象征性符号构成的字，称为指事字。所加的象征性符号，称为指事符号。例如刀是象形字，在刀锋上加一点，就表示刃。木是象形文字，在木的根部加一圆形符号，就表示本。木字在树梢上加一横，就表示末。在人的臀部加一半圆符号，就是臀。在动物臀部加一尾，就表示尾。

在象形符号上减去一象征性符号构成的字，也称为指事字。例如鸟字减去表示眼睛那一点，就成为乌鸦的乌，因为乌鸦全身黑羽，眼珠与黑色混为一体，减去表示眼睛的那一点，也是指事符号。

指事符号多有对称的形式，这是表示事物正反的两重性，例如上与下、乒与乓、孑与孓。

3、会意符号。会意符号是四种符号中内容最丰富、形象最生动的符号。

① 用作无法象形的会意符号，例如空气的气字，就是三个斜画来会意的。例如儿童的儿字，就以幼儿囟门未闭来表示的。

② 用作动词的符号，例如飞翔的飞字，就以一片或两片羽毛向上飞升的姿态来表示。走路的走字，就以甩手跨步的人形来表示；

③ 用作形容词的湿字，就用地下三层有水分子的符号来表示，美好的美字，就用人头顶插有羽毛饰物来表示。

④ 用作叹词的兮字，就以气从口出后分为两岔来表示。

会意字大多采用象形符号联组的方式构建。就是把两个或两个以上的象形符号组合起来，从它们的联系或配合上表示出一种新的常常是抽象的意义。例如：上与下拼在一起，叫做卡；日与月拼在一起，叫做明；口与鸟组合在一起，叫做鸣；屋子与里边的豕（猪）合在一起，叫做家；屋子中有女子叫做安。

会意字有三类：一类是单体会意字（如儿、飞、美等）；二类是异体会意字（如卡、鸣、安等）；三类是同体会意字，例如林、森、炎、焱、品、晶、轰、多、双、从、朋、比、赫、棘、众、磊等。

会意字的组合结构，是由若干密码符号完成的。它具有明显的优越性：①它可以表示很多抽象的意义；②它的造字功能强；③它可以组成许多字族文字，便于人们识别、联想、与记忆。

4、声音符号。汉字的声音符号不是拼音文字，而是利用象形字、指事字或会意字所标注的声音，与其它字形合组，构建形声字。来源于象形字的声符，如口、心、衣等；来源于指事字的声符，如刃、本、包等；来源于会意字的声符，如朋、旦、安等。

使用声符与其它三种符号合组构成形声字具有两大优点：一是它有表声成分；二是它的造字方法简单。

形声字的形符，在另一些字里也可用作声符。例如山字在峰、屿、岩、岖诸字中是这些字的形符。反之，在汕、疝、仙、氙、讪等字中，它又是作声符使用。而且原有的形声字，还可以再用作声符与别的字共组成新的形声字，例如“召”是由形符口字与声符刀字组成，召字又可与其它字结合组成诏、绍、苕、迢

岧等形声字。同样的形符和声符，还可以通过部位的变换，产生新的形声字。例如吟与含；纹与紊；部与陪；架与枷等等。形声字的组合为汉字的发展开拓了一条广阔的道路，以至于近代科学发展创新上的许多字以及化学元素周期表，都可以轻而易举地创造出许多新的汉字来（本书中许新创字的篆书就是利用形声两种符号创写出来的）。

Second, the composition of Chinese characters PasswordChina has 56 ethnic groups, there is the ancient text of the national total of 18 ( Han, Tibetan, Mongolian , Uygur, Yi, Dai , Zhuang, white , full , North Korea, Russia, Kazakhstan , Cole Kurtz , Lahu , Naxi , Lisu, water tin Park ) , the text of the national liberation startups have 8 ( Miao, Buyi, Hani , Dong, Jingpo , Li , Wa, soil ) . Chinese language is the body text 90% of the population of common use, and one common language in the United Nations , the characters collectively worldwide Chinese .Kanji is the predecessor Jieshengjishi , deed engraved notepad password symbols.The creation of characters , legends are made, the Yellow Emperor historian CJ . Zi said: "The books by many people also, and those who pass Changjei alone , one also ." What this means is : China to participate in the creation of the many, many, more than just one person Changjei . And why pass Changjei name later , because he made ​​the collection, collation, unified work . How does the creation of the CJ ?According to the " Han Feizi chapter," said : " CJ 's for the book also , since the ring by that of private , public and that of the private back ." Meaning that CJ is a cipher symbols created characters , such as private word , the thing is, ( seedlings ) said in his arms , said a private or selfish . In contrast with the private character , on the " Si " word mark two opposite sign , which means that contrary to private , it is called the public . This symbol , not only in the phonetic system, and not on mere syllable words, but a code word character text. A word is a separate word , each word consisting of one or more passwords symbols.Chinese Kanji symbols have a variety of nature passwords , form also varied . Two thousand years ago, in the Warring States Period compiled Confucian scholars , " Zhou officer Paul 's ," said: "Paul 's palm speed king evil , and to track and support the country 's six arts teach son ...... Rider six books . " six six Chinese characters written is defined in the Private method . Transfer method in which only four real password for the creation of the symbol , the other two only password symbols.Four password symbol characters are:1 , pictographic symbols. Pictogram is the kind of contour as symbols, words like kind of shape to Ideographical . Such as sun, moon, mountains , fields, fish, birds , fire, water , wood , fruit and so on.Not a whole kind of shape , but rather to highlight its particular characteristics , as a symbol , is another way pictographic . Such as cattle, sheep head and horns protruding so prominent names like the more distinctive symbol .Some are pictographic symbols to express abstract form , such as grass, wood , grain , bamboo and so on.Some pictographic symbols are attached to the use of care approach to complete.For example eyebrows eyebrow pictograms will be entrusted on the head, pictograms shall be attached to the beard under human care in cheek .Pictographic Chinese characters basis . But with pictographic symbols created characters have certain limits , can not meet the needs of recording language to pass information .2 , refers to something symbolic . Add words constitute a symbolic symbol on the pictogram symbol refers to something called a word . Added symbolic symbol refers to something called a symbol . For example knife is pictograph, add a little on the blade , it means the blade . Wood is hieroglyphics , plus a circular symbol at the root of wood , it means this . Wood word plus a cross in the trees , it means the end .Adding a human hip semicircular symbol is hip . In animal plus a hip , it means the end .Minus the word constitutes a symbolic sign of the pictographic symbols, also known as the word means something . Birds Eye said such words subtract that point , they become black crows because crows black body feathers, eyes and black mixed into one , minus the expressed that point , it also refers to the symbol of the eye.Symbol means something more than a symmetrical form, which is a duality of positive and negative things , such as the upper and lower , table tennis and tennis , larvae and relic .3 , knowing symbols. Knowing symbols are the four symbols richest , most vivid image of the symbol .① used not knowing pictographic symbols, such as air, gas word that three oblique painting to knowing . Such as children 's children the word , it is not closed fontanelle in infants represented .② symbol used as a verb , for example, fly fly word, with a feather or two soaring upward gesture to represent. Walk, take the word , to walk away and stepped on to represent the human form ;③ wet the word as an adjective , use of underground water molecules have three symbols to represent the United States a better word, the employer is inserted feather head ornaments to represent.④ used interjection of Xi word , with regard to the air from the mouth into two fork to represent.Knowing the way they use the word hieroglyphic symbols associated group build . Is the combination of two or more pictograms up from their contact with or is often shown a new abstract sense . For example: the upper and lower pieces together , called the card ; day and month to fight together , called out ; mouth with birds together, called Ming ; house and inside the hog ( pigs ) together , called home ; house there woman called Ann .Associative There are three types : one is the monomer knowing the word ( such as children , flying , America , etc.) ; II allogeneic knowing the word ( such as cards, sound , security , etc. ) ; categories are the same word meaning experience , such as forest, forest , Yan , Yan, chemicals , grain , boom , multi , dual , from friends , than , He , spine , the public, such as Lei .Associative composite structure is completed by a number of password symbols . It has obvious advantages : ① It can be said that a lot of abstract sense ; ② its Characters and powerful ; ③ It can be composed of many ethnic character text easier for people to identify, Lenovo, and memory .4 , the sound symbol. Kanji symbol is not phonetic sounds , but to use pictograph means knowing what word or words marked voice, together with other font groups , building Phonogram . The sound comes from the pictograph characters, such as the mouth , heart, clothing , etc. ; comes from the sound of the word refers to something breaks, such as the edge of the other packages ; comes from knowing the word of sound symbols , such as friends , Dan, security and so on.Use phonetic symbols together with the other three groups constitute Phonogram has two advantages: First, it has a sound component table ; Second, it is a simple method of coinage .Phonogram shaped character , in other words can also be used in sound character.These words are words such as mountain breaks in peak form , islands, rocks , rugged all words. On the contrary, in Shantou , hernia , Saints, xenon , slander and other words , it is also for the use of sound character . And the original form of sound words , symbols can also be used with other sound of the word to form a new form of sound words , such as " call" word of mouth is shaped symbol with the word knife phonetic composition, called word can be combined with other words composition Chao Shao , Shao , TiaoLofty peak , etc. Phonogram . Similarly shaped symbol harmony breaks, you can also change the site , resulting in a new form of sound words. For example Yin containing ; grain and tangled ; Ministry of paternity ; rack and flail like. Combination of phonetic characters for the development of Chinese characters has opened up a broad road , so many words , and chemical periodic table on the modern scientific development and innovation , you can easily create many new characters to ( the book promises invented words the Seal is the use of phonetic symbols created two kinds of writing out ) .